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Douglas Adams «Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy»
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#backstageToolbar {position:relative;}
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#backstageButton {display:none; position:absolute; z-index:175; top:0em; right:0em;}
#backstageButton a {padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.1em 0.4em; margin:0.1em 0.1em 0.1em 0.1em;}
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.backstagePanelFooter {padding-top:0.2em; float:right;}
.backstagePanelFooter a {padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0.4em;}
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/***
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This StyleSheet can be used directly by languages such as Chinese, Japanese and Korean which need larger font sizes.
***/
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#sidebarOptions a {font-style:normal;}
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<div class='header' macro='gradient vert [[ColorPalette::PrimaryLight]] [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]]'>
<div class='headerShadow'>
<span class='siteTitle' refresh='content' tiddler='SiteTitle'></span>
<span class='siteSubtitle' refresh='content' tiddler='SiteSubtitle'></span>
</div>
<div class='headerForeground'>
<span class='siteTitle' refresh='content' tiddler='SiteTitle'></span>
<span class='siteSubtitle' refresh='content' tiddler='SiteSubtitle'></span>
</div>
</div>
<div id='mainMenu' refresh='content' tiddler='MainMenu'></div>
<div id='sidebar'>
<div id='sidebarOptions' refresh='content' tiddler='SideBarOptions'></div>
<div id='sidebarTabs' refresh='content' force='true' tiddler='SideBarTabs'></div>
</div>
<div id='displayArea'>
<div id='messageArea'></div>
<div id='tiddlerDisplay'></div>
</div>
<!--}}}-->
<!--{{{-->
<div class='toolbar' macro='toolbar [[ToolbarCommands::ViewToolbar]]'></div>
<div class='title' macro='view title'></div>
<div class='subtitle'><span macro='view modifier link'></span>, <span macro='view modified date'></span> (<span macro='message views.wikified.createdPrompt'></span> <span macro='view created date'></span>)</div>
<div class='tagging' macro='tagging'></div>
<div class='tagged' macro='tags'></div>
<div class='viewer' macro='view text wikified'></div>
<div class='tagClear'></div>
<!--}}}-->
<!--{{{-->
<div class='toolbar' macro='toolbar [[ToolbarCommands::EditToolbar]]'></div>
<div class='title' macro='view title'></div>
<div class='editor' macro='edit title'></div>
<div macro='annotations'></div>
<div class='editor' macro='edit text'></div>
<div class='editor' macro='edit tags'></div><div class='editorFooter'><span macro='message views.editor.tagPrompt'></span><span macro='tagChooser'></span></div>
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To get started with this blank TiddlyWiki, you'll need to modify the following tiddlers: * SiteTitle & SiteSubtitle: The title and subtitle of the site, as shown above (after saving, they will also appear in the browser title bar) * MainMenu: The menu (usually on the left) * DefaultTiddlers: Contains the names of the tiddlers that you want to appear when the TiddlyWiki is opened You'll also need to enter your username for signing your edits: <<option txtUserName>>
These InterfaceOptions for customising TiddlyWiki are saved in your browser Your username for signing your edits. Write it as a WikiWord (eg JoeBloggs) <<option txtUserName>> <<option chkSaveBackups>> SaveBackups <<option chkAutoSave>> AutoSave <<option chkRegExpSearch>> RegExpSearch <<option chkCaseSensitiveSearch>> CaseSensitiveSearch <<option chkAnimate>> EnableAnimations ---- Also see AdvancedOptions
<<importTiddlers>>
<<tiddler SliderFrame with: label http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ 600 400 $2>>
********************************************************************* The Sydney Morning Herald Tech Daily Newsletter ********************************************************************* If you would prefer to receive this email in HTML format (with graphics) go to http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0BPkn0EH and change your preference from text to HTML. ********************************************************************* Virgin exposes customers' details Security flaw on Virgin Mobile's website exposes customers'personal details including name, address, birth date and phonenumber. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKT0Eu Latest killer app has us all a-Twitter Microblogging is the latest online fad - or perhaps a sign ofthings to come. Dan Skeen enters the fray. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKU0Ev Computer security has 'massively failed' The computing industry relies on "utterly obsolete concepts andassumptions" and has "massively failed when it comes to desktopsecurity". Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKV0Ew And the broadband plays on Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKW0Ex EU seeks police-private sector cybercrime pact Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKX0Ey No super-sized PS3 for Australia Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKY0Ez Full Tech Coverage - Full Story: /technology/Oregon man sentenced for posing as dying teen to get young girls tosend him porn A 31-year-old man was sentenced Monday to more than 24 years infederal prison for posing online as a teenage boy dying of leukemiain an effort to coerce young girls into sending him sexuallyexplicit images. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKZ0E1 Oregon man sentenced for posing as dying teen to get young girls tosend him porn A 31-year-old man was sentenced to more than 24 years in federalprison for posing online as a teenage boy dying of leukemia in aneffort to coerce young girls into sending him sexually explicitimages. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKa0E8 New BlackBerry challenger from T-Mobile runs Windows Mobile 6operating system T-Mobile USA on Tuesday launched the first mobile phone in the U.S.to come with Microsoft's latest version of Windows Mobile, withimproved handling of e-mail and tougher security. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKb0EA Wi-Fi better designed for shorter ranges, not citywide deployments Adam DuVander likes to surf the Internet from his laptop wherever he happens to be _ at home, a coffee shop or a neighborhood park. He has been able to do so in recent years thanks to wireless hotspots set up by networking activists in Portland, Ore. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKc0EB Cities Struggle With Wireless Internet A $3 million plan to blanket Lompoc, Calif., with a wireless Internet system promised a quantum leap for economic development: The remote community hit hard by cutbacks at nearby Vandenberg Air Force Base would join the 21st century with cheap and plentiful high-speed access. Instead, nearly a year after its launch, Lompoc Net is limping along. The central California city of 42,000, surrounded by rolling hills, wineries and flower fields more than 17 miles from the nearest major highway, has only a few hundred subscribers. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKd0EC MySpace to Share Sex Offender Data Faced with legal demands from several state attorneys general, MySpace.com said Monday it will immediately begin sharing data on the registered sex offenders it has identified and removed from the popular social networking website. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKe0ED Google, Salesforce.com Discuss Alliance Salesforce.com Inc.'s stock price climbed by more than 4 percent Monday in response to a report that the online software pioneer is poised to team up with Internet search leader Google Inc. in a double-barreled attack on Microsoft Corp. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKf0EE Sometime student who claimed to be doctor, astronaut or spy goes ontrial, accused of rapes A nursing student told women he met on an online dating site thathe was a doctor, an astronaut or spy in a ruse to lure them out sohe could drug and rape them, a prosecutor said Monday. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKg0EF Court Rules in Favor of Phone Companies The nation's largest local phone companies won a Supreme Courtvictory Monday in a lawsuit by consumers alleging anticompetitivebusiness practices. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKh0EG NYC to Be Testbed for Power Project New York City is the testing ground for a $39.3 million Departmentof Homeland Security project that will use new superconductorcables designed to prevent blackouts caused by power surges. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKi0EH Internet pioneer to oversee its redesign under government contract A government contractor that played a key role in the Internet's birth will oversee efforts to redesign the network from scratch. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKj0EI Internet pioneer to oversee its redesign under government contract A government contractor that played a key role in the Internet'sbirth will oversee efforts to redesign the network from scratch. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0OhKk0EJ ********************************************************************* You are currently subscribed to this eNewsletter as: msgray@symbex.net.au, using msgray@symbex.net.au ********************************************************************* UNSUBSCRIBE To unsubscribe from this newsletter use the following link. http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0BO2Q0Eo&email=msgray@symbex.net.au&username=msgray@symbex.net.au&accountId=2218772 PRIVACY Your privacy is important to us. To view our privacy policy: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0BNjE0EX CONDITIONS OF USE http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0BNjF0EY MEMBER AGREEMENT http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBMew0LvxsN0JhK0BNoZ0Ex Copyright Fairfax Digital 2007. All rights reserved. *********************************************************************
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<html><div class="container2"><div class="header2">This is a header</div><div class="left2">!!!<<gradient horiz #FF8888 #ffffff>> Science>> TW Help subjects |What's In A Tiddler|Formatting the Page| |>|Overview| |>|Overview| |>|Overview| <<< <<tiddler MembersWebSites>> <<< </div><div class="content2">!!!<<gradient horiz #FF8888 #ffffff>> ~VooDoo>> TW Help subjects |What's In A Tiddler|Formatting the Page| |>|Overview| |>|Overview| |>|Overview| <<tiddler Images>> </div> <div class="footer2">Copyright 2007 by M.S.Gray (all forms of plagiarism excepted)</div></div></div> </html>
A nice thought, but my ex disputes the first and most of my books are remainders. John W ----- Original Message ----- From: "Nisaba Merrieweather" <nisaba.merrieweather@HOTMAIL.COM> To: <SCIENCE-MATTERS@ABCNEWSLETTERS.NET.AU> Sent: Tuesday, June 26, 2007 2:13 PM Subject: Re: books > G'dday. > >>From: John Winckle <winckle@BROAD.NET.AU> >>Reply-To: ABC Science Matters <SCIENCE-MATTERS@ABCNEWSLETTERS.NET.AU> >>To: SCIENCE-MATTERS@ABCNEWSLETTERS.NET.AU >>Subject: Re: books >>Date: Mon, 25 Jun 2007 12:36:29 +1000 >> >>Thanks for that, I get a lot of flack for having a housefull of books and >>not using the library. > > You're obviously a Good Man who's kind to Defenceless Little Authors. > > Nisaba > > _________________________________________________________________ > Advertisement: ninemsn Travel - Hot deals, travel ideas & Lonely Planet > guides. > http://ninemsn.com.au/share/redir/adTrack.asp?mode=click&clientID=799&referral=hotmailtagline&URL=http://travel.ninemsn.com.au/compIntro.aspx?compId=2404 > > Science-Matters is an un-moderated email list hosted by the ABC as a > forum for public discussion of science, science issues and media coverage > of science. Opinions expressed belong to the individual message poster(s) > and not the ABC. > > To UNSUBSCRIBE, send an email to listserv@abcnewsletters.net.au with the > following words in the body of the message: > signoff science-matters > > More detailed information about the Science-Matters list, plus who to > contact should you experience any problem with unsubscribing, can be found > in the FAQ online at: > http://abc.net.au/science/play/list_matters.htm > > > -- > No virus found in this incoming message. > Checked by AVG Free Edition. Version: 7.5.472 / Virus Database: > 269.9.6/865 - Release Date: 24/06/2007 8:33 AM > > Science-Matters is an un-moderated email list hosted by the ABC as a forum for public discussion of science, science issues and media coverage of science. Opinions expressed belong to the individual message poster(s) and not the ABC. To UNSUBSCRIBE, send an email to listserv@abcnewsletters.net.au with the following words in the body of the message: signoff science-matters More detailed information about the Science-Matters list, plus who to contact should you experience any problem with unsubscribing, can be found in the FAQ online at: http://abc.net.au/science/play/list_matters.htm
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''In this issue (28 June 2007)''
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!!!<<gradient horiz #fc3 #ffffff>> New Scientist>>
[[New Scientist|http://newscientist.com/]]
[[Tech|http://www.newscientisttech.com/]]
[[Space|http://www.newscientistspace.com/]]
[[Health|http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health]]
[[Fundamentals|http://www.newscientist.com/channel/fundamentals]]
[[Being Human|http://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human]]
[[Life|http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life]]
[[Opinion|http://www.newscientist.com/channel/opinion]]
[[Sex|http://www.newscientist.com/channel/sex]]
[[Specials|http://www.newscientist.com/specials.ns]]>>
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[[Regenerative and Reflex Receivers|http://tinyurl.com/2b22ds]]
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********************************************************************* The Sydney Morning Herald Tech Daily Newsletter ********************************************************************* If you would prefer to receive this email in HTML format (with graphics) go to http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0BPkn0Ej and change your preference from text to HTML. ********************************************************************* Paper-thin battery may revolutionise electronics Researchers have invented a lightweight paper battery that could bepowering the next generation of consumer electronic devices. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POiy0E6 Police cars get high-tech boost Fighting crime could soon be as easy as tapping on a touch screenwhen the world's most high-tech police cars roll into cop stationsnationwide. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POiz0E7 Microsoft closes buyout of aQuantive Microsoft is taking a first step in its quest to leapfrog Yahoo andchallenge Google in the online advertising business. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POi10Et Developing a better world Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POi20Eu IceTV heats up program plans Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POi30Ev OK, smarty pants, chill me a beer then jump in the washing machine Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POi40Ew Full Tech Coverage - Full Story: /technology/Microsoft closes $6 billion buyout of aQuantive, wants to challenge Google for top ad spot In closing a $6 billion buyout of digital marketing company aQuantive on Monday, Microsoft is taking a first step in its quest to leapfrog Yahoo and challenge Google in the online advertising business. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POi50Ex Microsoft closes $6 billion buyout of aQuantive, wants to challenge Google for top ad spot In closing a $6 billion (euro4.4 billion) buyout of digital marketing company aQuantive on Monday, Microsoft is taking a first step in its quest to leapfrog Yahoo and challenge Google in the online advertising business. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POi60Ey U.N. Web site hacked with anti-war message Hackers broke into the official U.N. website and put up an anti-warmessage targeted at the United States and Israel, the UnitedNations said Monday. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POi70Ez Holiday shoppers could deliver knockout blow in high-def DVD fight People who own an HD DVD player can forget about watching"Spider-Man 3" in high definition when it goes on sale during theholiday season. The movie from Sony Pictures will only be availablein the Blu-ray DVD format. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POi80E1 Hackers post anti-war message on several official U.N. Web sites Computer hackers posted an anti-war message on the U.N.'s officialwebsite, claiming that U.S. and Israeli policies in the Middle Eastwere taking innocent lives, the United Nations said. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POjA0EC Researchers use high-tech machines to detect mysterious dark matter In deep underground laboratories around the globe, a high-tech raceis on to spot dark matter, the invisible cosmic glue that'sbelieved to keep galaxies from spinning apart. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POjB0ED More similarities than differences in comparison of high-def DVDformats The two competing formats for high-definition DVDs are more alikethan they are different. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POjC0EE FCC Tested Defective Prototype Device Microsoft Corp. on Monday gave a simple reason why its prototype for beaming high-speed Internet service over unused television airways failed a government test: the device was broken. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POjD0EF `Madden' Video Game Frenzy Begins Anew Say Madden this time of year and most everyone knows the reference is not about the Hall of Fame coach and sportscaster himself. It's about his video game. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POjE0EG Researchers Seek Mysterious Dark Matter In deep underground laboratories around the globe, a high-tech race is on to spot dark matter, the invisible cosmic glue that's believed to keep galaxies from spinning apart. Whoever discovers the nature of dark matter would solve one of modern science's greatest mysteries and be a shoo-in for the Nobel Prize. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POjF0EH Qualcomm Lawyer Resigns Amid Setbacks Qualcomm Inc. said Monday its head lawyer resigned after a stringof legal setbacks at the world's second-largest chipmaker formobile phones. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POjG0EI Putting power on paper: researchers create thin battery US researchers said Monday they have invented a lightweight paper battery that could serve as an enhanced power storage device for the next generation of consumer electronic devices. Full Story: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0POjH0EJ ********************************************************************* You are currently subscribed to this eNewsletter as: msgray@symbex.net.au, using msgray@symbex.net.au ********************************************************************* UNSUBSCRIBE To unsubscribe from this newsletter use the following link. http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0BO2Q0EI&email=msgray@symbex.net.au&username=msgray@symbex.net.au&accountId=2218772 PRIVACY Your privacy is important to us. To view our privacy policy: http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0BNjE0Ez CONDITIONS OF USE http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0BNjF0E1 MEMBER AGREEMENT http://newsletters.fairfax.com.au/cgi-bin16/DM/y/eBQCu0LvxsN0JhK0BNoZ0ER Copyright Fairfax Digital 2007. All rights reserved. *********************************************************************
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[img[http://img218.imageshack.us/img218/7518/speakersmqz8.gif]] [[Listen 2CH 1170AM|http://2ch.com/cgi-bin/listenlive.pl]] - [[ Go to Web Site|http://2ch.com.au/welcome.shtml]]
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[[510 Mathematics]] [[520 Astronomy]] [[530 Physics]] [[540 Chemistry]] [[550 Earth Sciences]] [[560 Paleontology]] [[570 Life Sciences]] -[[573 Anthropology]] -[[574 Biology]] [[580 Botany]] [[590 Zoology]]
[[Edit Math Links|Math Links]]
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*<<slider chkMath [[Math Links]] "Click here to open and close Math Links">>
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[[Abacus Applet|JavaAbacus]]
[[Abacus/Soroban Manual|http://webhome.idirect.com/~totton/soroban/THE%20ABACUS%20HANDBOOK.pdf]]
*@@color:#F00;''NEW!''@@ ''[[History of Words of Mathematics|HistoryOfMathWords]]''
*@@color:#F00;''NEW!''@@ ''[[Biographies of Mathematicians|Mathematicians]]''
*@@color:#F00;''NEW!''@@ ''[[History of Mathematics|MathHistoryTopics]]''
*@@color:#F00;''NEW!''@@ ''[[FamousCurves|FamousCurves]]''
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!!!![[Mathematics|510 Mathematics]]
{{textjustify twocolumns{
''The deductive study of'' numbers, geometry, and various abstract constructs, or structures; the latter often “abstract” the features common to several models derived from the empirical, or applied, sciences, although many emerge from purely mathematical or logical considerations. Mathematics is very broadly divided into foundations, algebra, analysis, geometry, and applied mathematics, which includes theoretical computer science.
}}}
!!!Foundations
{{textjustify twocolumns{
''The term foundationsis used to refer to'' the formulation and analysis of the language, axioms, and logical methods on which all of mathematics rests (see logic; symbolic logic). The scope and complexity of modern mathematics requires a very fine analysis of the formal language in which meaningful mathematical statements may be formulated and perhaps be proved true or false. Most apparent mathematical contradictions have been shown to derive from an imprecise and inconsistent use of language. A basic task is to furnish a set of axioms effectively free of contradictions and at the same time rich enough to constitute a deductive source for all of modern mathematics. The modern axiom schemes proposed for this purpose are all couched within the theory of sets, originated by Georg Cantor, which now constitutes a universal mathematical language.
}}}
!!!Algebra
{{twocolumns{
''Historically, algebra is the study of'' solutions of one or several algebraic equations, involving the polynomial functions of one or several variables. The case where all the polynomials have degree one (systems of linear equations) leads to linear algebra.The case of a single equation, in which one studies the roots of one polynomial, leads to field theory and to the so-called Galois theory.
The general case of several equations of high degree leads to algebraic geometry, so named because the sets of solutions of such systems are often studied by geometric methods. Modern algebraists have increasingly abstracted and axiomatized the structures and patterns of argument encountered not only in the theory of equations, but in mathematics generally. Examples of these structures include groups (first witnessed in relation to symmetry properties of the roots of a polynomial and now ubiquitous throughout mathematics), rings (of which the integers, or whole numbers, constitute a basic example), and fields (of which the rational, real, and complex numbers are examples). Some of the concepts of modern algebra have found their way into elementary mathematics education in the so-called new mathematics.
''Some important abstractions recently introduced in'' algebra are the notions of category and functor, which grew out of so-called homological algebra. Arithmetic and number theory, which are concerned with special properties of the integers—e.g., unique factorization, primes, equations with integer coefficients (Diophantine equations), and congruences—are also a part of algebra. Analytic number theory, however, also applies the nonalgebraic methods of analysis to such problems.
}}}
!!!Analysis
{{textjustify twocolumns{
''The essential ingredient of analysis is'' the use of infinite processes, involving passage to a limit. For example, the area of a circle may be computed as the limiting value of the areas of inscribed regular polygons as the number of sides of the polygons increases indefinitely. The basic branch of analysis is the calculus. The general problem of measuring lengths, areas, volumes, and other quantities as limits by means of approximating polygonal figures leads to the integral calculus. The differential calculus arises similarly from the problem of finding the tangent line to a curve at a point. Other branches of analysis result from the application of the concepts and methods of the calculus to various mathematical entities. For example, vector analysis is the calculus of functions whose variables are vectors. Here various types of derivatives and integrals may be introduced. They lead, among other things, to the theory of differential and integral equations, in which the unknowns are functions rather than numbers, as in algebraic equations. Differential equations are often the most natural way in which to express the laws governing the behavior of various physical systems. Calculus is one of the most powerful and supple tools of mathematics. Its applications, both in pure mathematics and in virtually every scientific domain, are manifold.
}}}
!!!Geometry
{{twocolumns textjustify{
''The shape, size, and other properties of'' figures and the nature of space are in the province of geometry. Euclidean geometry is concerned with the axiomatic study of polygons, conic sections, spheres, polyhedra, and related geometric objects in two and three dimensions—in particular, with the relations of congruence and of similarity between such objects. The unsuccessful attempt to prove the “parallel postulate” from the other axioms of Euclid led in the 19th century to the discovery of two different types of non-Euclidean geometry.
''The 20th century has seen'' an enormous development of topology, which is the study of very general geometric objects, called topological spaces, with respect to relations that are much weaker than congruence and similarity. Other branches of geometry include algebraic geometry and differential geometry, in which the methods of analysis are brought to bear on geometric problems. These fields are now in a vigorous state of development.
}}}
!!!Applied Mathematics
{{textjustify twocolumns{
''The term applied mathematics loosely designates'' a wide range of studies with significant current use in the empirical sciences. It includes numerical methods and computer science, which seeks concrete solutions, sometimes approximate, to explicit mathematical problems (e.g., differential equations, large systems of linear equations). It has a major use in technology for modeling and simulation. For example, the huge wind tunnels, formerly used to test expensive prototypes of airplanes, have all but disappeared. The entire design and testing process is now largely carried out by computer simulation, using mathematically tailored software. It also includes mathematical physics, which now strongly interacts with all of the central areas of mathematics. In addition, probability theory and mathematical statistics are often considered parts of applied mathematics. The distinction between pure and applied mathematics is now becoming less significant.
!!!Development of Mathematics
''The earliest records of mathematics'' show it arising in response to practical needs in agriculture, business, and industry. In Egypt and Mesopotamia, where evidence dates from the 2d and 3d millennia B.C., it was used for surveying and mensuration; estimates of the value of ? (pi) are found in both locations. There is some evidence of similar developments in India and China during this same period, but few records have survived. This early mathematics is generally empirical, arrived at by trial and error as the best available means for obtaining results, with no proofs given. However, it is now known that the Babylonians were aware of the necessity of proofs prior to the Greeks, who had been presumed the originators of this important step.
!!!Greek Contributions
''A profound change occurred in the nature and'' approach to mathematics with the contributions of the Greeks. The earlier (Hellenic) period is represented by Thales (6th century B.C.), Pythagoras, Plato, and Aristotle, and by the schools associated with them. The Pythagorean theorem, known earlier in Mesopotamia, was discovered by the Greeks during this period.
''During the Golden Age (5th century B.C.)'', Hippocrates of Chios made the beginnings of an axiomatic approach to geometry and Zeno of Elea proposed his famous paradoxes concerning the infinite and the infinitesimal, raising questions about the nature of and relationships among points, lines, and numbers. The discovery through geometry of irrational numbers, such as ?2, also dates from this period. Eudoxus of Cnidus (4th century B.C.) resolved certain of the problems by proposing alternative methods to those involving infinitesimals; he is known for his work on geometric proportions and for his exhaustion theory for determining areas and volumes.
''The later (Hellenistic) period of Greek science'' is associated with the school of Alexandria. The greatest work of Greek mathematics, Euclid's Elements (c.300 B.C.), appeared at the beginning of this period. Elementary geometry as taught in high school is still largely based on Euclid's presentation, which has served as a model for deductive systems in other parts of mathematics and in other sciences. In this method primitive terms, such as point and line, are first defined, then certain axioms and postulates relating to them and seeming to follow directly from them are stated without proof; a number of statements are then derived by deduction from the definitions, axioms, and postulates. Euclid also contributed to the development of arithmetic and presented a geometric theory of quadratic equations.
''In the 3d century B.C., Archimedes,'' in addition to his work in mechanics, made an estimate of ? and used the exhaustion theory of Eudoxus to obtain results that foreshadowed those much later of the integral calculus, and Apollonius of Perga named the conic sections and gave the first theory for them. A second Alexandrian school of the Roman period included contributions by Menelaus (c.A.D. 100, spherical triangles), Heron of Alexandria (geometry), Ptolemy (A.D. 150, astronomy, geometry, cartography), Pappus (3d century, geometry), and Diophantus (3d century, arithmetic).
!!!Chinese and Middle Eastern Advances
''Following the decline of learning in the West after'' the 3d century, the development of mathematics continued in the East. In China, Tsu Ch'ung-Chih estimated ? by inscribed and circumscribed polygons, as Archimedes had done, and in India the numerals now used throughout the civilized world were invented and contributions to geometry were made by Aryabhata and Brahmagupta (5th and 6th century A.D.). The Arabs were responsible for preserving the work of the Greeks, which they translated, commented upon, and augmented. In Baghdad, Al-Khowarizmi (9th century) wrote an important work on algebra and introduced the Hindu numerals for the first time to the West, and Al-Battani worked on trigonometry. In Egypt, Ibn al-Haytham was concerned with the solids of revolution and geometrical optics. The Persian poet Omar Khayyam wrote on algebra.
!!!Western Developments from the Twelfth to Eighteenth Centuries
''Word of the Chinese and Middle Eastern works began'' to reach the West in the 12th and 13th century One of the first important European mathematicians was Leonardo da Pisa ([[Leonardo Fibonacci|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Fibonacci]]), who wrote on arithmetic and algebra (Liber abaci, 1202) and on geometry (Practica geometriae, 1220). With the Renaissance came a great revival of interest in learning, and the invention of printing made many of the earlier books widely available. By the end of the 16th century advances had been made in algebra by Niccolò Tartaglia and Geronimo Cardano, in trigonometry by François Viète, and in such areas of applied mathematics as mapmaking by Mercator and others.
''The 17th century, however, saw the greatest revolution in'' mathematics, as the scientific revolution spread to all fields. Decimal fractions were invented by Simon Stevin and logarithms by John Napier and Henry Briggs; the beginnings of projective geometry were made by Gérard Desargues and Blaise Pascal; number theory was greatly extended by Pierre de Fermat; and the theory of probability was founded by Pascal, Fermat, and others. In the application of mathematics to mechanics and astronomy, Galileo and Johannes Kepler made fundamental contributions.
''The greatest mathematical advances of'' the 17th century, however, were the invention of analytic geometry by René Descartes and that of the calculus by Isaac Newton and, independently, by G. W. Leibniz. Descartes's invention (anticipated by Fermat, whose work was not published until later) made possible the expression of geometric problems in algebraic form and vice versa. It was indispensable in creating the calculus, which built upon and superseded earlier special methods for finding areas, volumes, and tangents to curves, developed by F. B. Cavalieri, Fermat, and others. The calculus is probably the greatest tool ever invented for the mathematical formulation and solution of physical problems.
''The history of mathematics in the'' 18th century is dominated by the development of the methods of the calculus and their application to such problems, both terrestrial and celestial, with leading roles being played by the Bernoulli family (especially Jakob, Johann, and Daniel), Leonhard Euler, Guillaume de L'Hôpital, and J. L. Lagrange. Important advances in geometry began toward the end of the century with the work of Gaspard Monge in descriptive geometry and in differential geometry and continued through his influence on others, e.g., his pupil J. V. Poncelet, who founded projective geometry (1822).
!!!In the Nineteenth Century
''The modern period of mathematics dates from'' the beginning of the 19th century, and its dominant figure is C. F. Gauss. In the area of geometry Gauss made fundamental contributions to differential geometry, did much to found what was first called analysis situs but is now called topology, and anticipated (although he did not publish his results) the great breakthrough of non-Euclidean geometry. This breakthrough was made by N. I. Lobachevsky (1826) and independently by János Bolyai (1832), the son of a close friend of Gauss, whom each proceeded by establishing the independence of Euclid's fifth (parallel) postulate and showing that a different, self-consistent geometry could be derived by substituting another postulate in its place. Still another non-Euclidean geometry was invented by Bernhard Riemann (1854), whose work also laid the foundations for the modern tensor calculus description of space, so important in the general theory of relativity.
''In the area of arithmetic, number theory, and algebra'', Gauss again led the way. He established the modern theory of numbers, gave the first clear exposition of complex numbers, and investigated the functions of complex variables. The concept of number was further extended by W. R. Hamilton, whose theory of quaternions (1843) provided the first example of a noncommutative algebra (i.e., one in which ab ? ba). This work was generalized the following year by H. G. Grassmann, who showed that several different consistent algebras may be derived by choosing different sets of axioms governing the operations on the elements of the algebra.
''These developments continued with the group theory of'' M. S. Lie in the late 19th century and reached full expression in the wide scope of modern abstract algebra. Number theory received significant contributions in the latter half of the 19th century through the work of Georg Cantor, J. W. R. Dedekind, and K. W. Weierstrass. Still another influence of Gauss was his insistence on rigorous proof in all areas of mathematics. In analysis this close examination of the foundations of the calculus resulted in A. L. Cauchy's theory of limits (1821), which in turn yielded new and clearer definitions of continuity, the derivative, and the definite integral. A further important step toward rigor was taken by Weierstrass, who raised new questions about these concepts and showed that ultimately the foundations of analysis rest on the properties of the real number system.
!!!In the Twentieth Century
''In the 20th century the trend has been toward'' increasing generalization and abstraction, with the elements and operations of systems being defined so broadly that their interpretations connect such areas as algebra, geometry, and topology. The key to this approach has been the use of formal axiomatics, in which the notion of axioms as “self-evident truths” has been discarded. Instead the emphasis is on such logical concepts as consistency and completeness. The roots of formal axiomatics lie in the discoveries of alternative systems of geometry and algebra in the 19th century; the approach was first systematically undertaken by David Hilbert in his work on the foundations of geometry (1899).
''The emphasis on deductive logic inherent in this view ''of mathematics and the discovery of the interconnections between the various branches of mathematics and their ultimate basis in number theory led to intense activity in the field of mathematical logic after the turn of the century. Rival schools of thought grew up under the leadership of Hilbert, Bertrand Russell and A. N. Whitehead, and L. E. J. Brouwer. Important contributions in the investigation of the logical foundations of mathematics were made by Kurt Gödel and A. Church.
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''The study of the universe'' and the objects in it through scientific investigation. Since much of contemporary astronomy uses the laws and methods of physics, the terms “astronomy” and “astrophysics” are usually used interchangeably. However, modern astronomy also uses techniques from many other scientific disciplines, including chemistry, geology, and biology, for which the terms astrochemistry, planetary science, and astrobiology are increasingly used.
''The use of geological knowledge'' and methods in analyzing close-up observations from spacecraft of planets and their satellites and of comets and{{imgfloatright{{{textcenter{
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}}} asteroids closely links the disciplines of astronomy and planetary science. Indeed, the discovery of planets around distant stars holds for even closer relations in the future. Methods of studying molecules in interstellar clouds involve chemical knowledge. Planetary science and astrochemistry come together with astronomy in the search for life outside the solar system, part of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the United States space agency, has placed a priority on astrobiology, including the investigation of Mars and the bringing of samples back to Earth from Mars. See also Asteroid; Comet; Cosmochemistry; Extraterrestrial intelligence; Interstellar matter; Planet; Planetary physics; Solar system.
''Astronomers often lead in employing new technologies'', pushing them to the limit in exploring extremely faint signals in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Nearly all astronomical research is now heavily dependent on computers. Astronomical imagery is now dominated by light-sensitive silicon chips known as charge-coupled devices (CCDs), which are approximately 100 times more sensitive than film. Fiber optics are used for a variety of astronomical purposes, including the taking of hundreds of galaxy images simultaneously from the field of view of a telescope and bringing the light to a spectrograph that can produce simultaneous spectra of all the objects. The technology of active optics, in which the shape of a mirror is changed slightly at a high rate (often faster than 1 Hz) to compensate for the blurring of astronomical images caused by the Earth's atmosphere, is being increasingly pursued to eliminate the twinkling of stars. See also Adaptive optics; Fiber-optics imaging.
''The opening of the 5-m (200-in.) Hale telescope'' at the Palomar Observatory on Palomar Mountain, California, in 1948 marked the beginning of a great period of development in optical astronomy.{{imgfloatright{{{textcenter{
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''The 1990s saw the thorough use of the vantage points'' of space for astronomical observation, exemplified by NASA's series of Great Observatories. In 1991 the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory was launched, and in the following years mapped about one gamma-ray burst per day in addition to many other objects and events. The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 to study the ultraviolet and visible parts of the spectrum. Its repair in 1993, with secondary mirrors compensating for a focusing problem with the main mirror, brought it to full working order, and a 1996 upgrade included an improved two-dimensional spectrograph and infrared capability. The Chandra X-Ray Observatory, launched in 1999, provides high-resolution x-ray images, and is the same size and scope as Hubble. It studies various types of celestial objects and processes, such as black holes of stellar and galactic sizes. The Space Infrared Telescope Facility, the fourth of this series of Great Observatories, was launched in 2004 and renamed the Spitzer Space Telescope. Smaller spacecraft have also made valuable contributions. See also Black hole; Infrared astronomy; X-ray astronomy; X-ray telescope.
''The atmosphere blocks most of the electromagnetic spectrum'' from reaching the Earth's surface, leaving windows of transparency mostly in the optical and radio parts of the spectrum. {{imgfloatright{{{textcenter{
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''Arecibo dish-Puerto Rico''}}}}}} Radio astronomers have made the most of their window of transparency with such telescopes as the 100-m (328-ft) fully steerable telescope outside Bonn, Germany; ''the 330-m (1083-ft) Arecibo dish in Puerto Rico'', which has some limited tracking ability, the Very Large Array of radio telescopes in New Mexico, and the Very Long Baseline Array. The ozone layer and other constituents of the atmosphere block the shortest wavelengths from penetrating to the Earth's surface, so observations of gamma rays, x-rays, and most of the ultraviolet region require telescopes in space. See also Ozone; Radio astronomy; Radio telescope.
''Much of astronomy involves breaking down'' the incoming celestial radiation into its component wavelengths, a process known as spectroscopy. Spectroscopic studies can reveal the temperature of an object, the identity and proportions of its chemical elements, and the velocities of its constituents toward and away from the Earth. Light from the Sun and other objects is sometimes polarized, and studies of such polarization can tell about the magnetic fields present or about scattering processes. See also Astronomical spectroscopy; Polarimetry.
''The expansive definition of a telescope includes'' anything used in astronomy to observe the sky. Several neutrino telescopes have been used to detect neutrinos from the Sun and, in one instance, from a supernova. The pace of observation of secondary cosmic rays as well as the few primary cosmic rays that reach the Earth is increasing. A pair of interferometers are being built on Earth to attempt direct detection of such gravitational waves, which should result from such distant events as the merger of two neutron stars. See also Cosmic rays; Neutrino; Solar neutrinos.
''Theoretical calculations of the nature of'' astronomical objects or processes are known as theoretical astrophysics. The availability of supercomputers, powerful and fast computers capable of handling large amounts of data, has led to three-dimensional simulations of, for example, the formation of large-scale structure in the early universe. Models of the oscillations detectable on the Sun's surface through long-time-series observations are used to improve understanding of the solar interior, a process known as helioseismology. See also Helioseismology; Simulation; Supercomputer; Universe.
''Laboratory astrophysics involves'' the measurement of basic parameters that are used in calculations of physical or chemical processes relevant to astronomy, such as cross sections of atomic and molecular collisional excitation and ionization. See also Molecular structure and spectra.
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''Wilson Hall at Fermilab''}}}''Formerly called natural philosophy'', physics is concerned with those aspects of nature which can be understood in a fundamental way in terms of elementary principles and laws. In the course of time, various specialized sciences broke away from physics to form autonomous fields of investigation. In this process physics retained its original aim of understanding the structure of the natural world and explaining natural phenomena.
The most basic parts of physics are mechanics and field theory. Mechanics is concerned with the motion of particles or bodies under the action of given forces. The physics of fields is concerned with the origin, nature, and properties of gravitational, electromagnetic, nuclear, and other force fields. Taken together, mechanics and field theory constitute the most fundamental approach to an understanding of natural phenomena which science offers. The ultimate aim is to understand all natural phenomena in these terms. See also Classical field theory; Mechanics; Quantum field theory.
The older, or classical, divisions of physics were based on certain general classes of natural phenomena to which the methods of physics had been found particularly applicable. The divisions are all still current, but many of them tend more and more to designate branches of applied physics or technology, and less and less inherent divisions in physics itself. The divisions or branches, of modern physics are made in accordance with particular types of structures in nature with which each branch is concerned.
In every area physics is characterized not so much by its subject-matter content as by the precision and depth of understanding which it seeks. The aim of physics is the construction of a unified theoretical scheme in mathematical terms whose structure and behavior duplicates that of the whole natural world in the most comprehensive manner possible. Where other sciences are content to describe and relate phenomena in terms of restricted concepts peculiar to their own disciplines, physics always seeks to understand the same phenomena as a special manifestation of the underlying uniform structure of nature as a whole. In line with this objective, physics is characterized by accurate instrumentation, precision of measurement, and the expression of its results in mathematical terms.
For the major areas of physics and for additional listings of articles in physics ''See also:'' @@color:#00f;Acoustics; Atomic physics; Biophysics; Classical mechanics; Electricity; Electromagnetism; Elementary particle; Fluid mechanics; Heat; Low-temperature physics; Molecular physics; Nuclear physics; Optics; Solid-state physics; Statistical mechanics.@@
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''The branch of science concerned with the properties'', composition, and structure of substances and the changes they undergo when they combine or react under specified conditions.
!!!''Branches of Chemistry''
''Chemistry can be divided into'' branches according to either the substances studied or the types of study conducted. The primary division of the first type is between inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry. Divisions of the second type are physical chemistry and analytical chemistry.
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''The original distinction between organic and inorganic chemistry'' arose as chemists gradually realized that compounds of biological origin were quite different in their general properties from those of mineral origin; organic chemistry was defined as the study of substances produced by living organisms. However, when it was discovered in the 19th cent. that organic molecules can be produced artificially in the laboratory, this definition had to be abandoned. Organic chemistry is most simply defined as the study of the compounds of carbon. Inorganic chemistry is the study of chemical elements and their compounds (with the exception of carbon compounds).
''Physical chemistry is concerned with'' the physical properties of materials, such as their electrical and magnetic behavior and their interaction with electromagnetic fields. Subcategories within physical chemistry are thermochemistry, electrochemistry, and chemical kinetics. Thermochemistry is the investigation of the changes in energy and entropy that occur during chemical reactions and phase transformations (see states of matter). Electrochemistry concerns the effects of electricity on chemical changes and interconversions of electric and chemical energy such as that in a voltaic cell. Chemical kinetics is concerned with the details of chemical reactions and of how equilibrium is reached between the products and reactants.
''Analytical chemistry is'' a collection of techniques that allows exact laboratory determination of the composition of a given sample of material. In qualitative analysis all the atoms and molecules present are identified, with particular attention to trace elements. In quantitative analysis the exact weight of each constituent is obtained as well. Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the weights of the chemicals participating in chemical reactions. See also chemical analysis.
!!!History of Chemistry
''The earliest practical knowledge of ''chemistry was concerned with metallurgy, pottery, and dyes; these crafts were developed with considerable skill, but with no understanding of the principles involved, as early as 3500 B.C. in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The basic ideas of element and compound were first formulated by the Greek philosophers during the period from 500 to 300 B.C. Opinion varied, but it was generally believed that four elements (fire, air, water, and earth) combined to form all things. Aristotle's definition of a simple body as “one into which other bodies can be decomposed and which itself is not capable of being divided” is close to the modern definition of element.
''About the beginning of the Christian era'' in Alexandria, the ancient Egyptian industrial arts and Greek philosophical speculations were fused into a new science. The beginnings of chemistry, or alchemy, as it was first known, are mingled with occultism and magic. Interests of the period were the transmutation of base metals into gold, the imitation of precious gems, and the search for the elixir of life, thought to grant immortality. Muslim conquests in the 7th cent. A.D. diffused the remains of Hellenistic civilization to the Arab world. The first chemical treatises to become well known in Europe were Latin translations of Arabic works, made in Spain c.A.D. 1100; hence it is often erroneously supposed that chemistry originated among the Arabs. Alchemy developed extensively during the Middle Ages, cultivated largely by itinerant scholars who wandered over Europe looking for patrons.
!!!Evolution of Modern Chemistry
''In the hands of'' the “Oxford Chemists” (Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke, and John Mayow) chemistry began to emerge as distinct from the pseudoscience of alchemy. Boyle (1627–91) is often called the founder of modern chemistry (an honor sometimes also given Antoine Lavoisier, 1743–94). He performed experiments under reduced pressure, using an air pump, and discovered that volume and pressure are inversely related in gases (see gas laws). Hooke gave the first rational explanation of combustion—as combination with air—while Mayow studied animal respiration. Even as the English chemists were moving toward the correct theory of combustion, two Germans, J. J. Becher and G. E. Stahl, introduced the false phlogiston theory of combustion, which held that the substance phlogiston is contained in all combustible bodies and escapes when the bodies burn.
''The discovery of various gases and'' the analysis of air as a mixture of gases occurred during the phlogiston period. Carbon dioxide, first described by J. B. van Helmont and rediscovered by Joseph Black in 1754, was originally called fixed air. Hydrogen, discovered by Boyle and carefully studied by Henry Cavendish, was called inflammable air and was sometimes identified with phlogiston itself. Cavendish also showed that the explosion of hydrogen and oxygen produces water. C. W. Scheele found that air is composed of two fluids, only one of which supports combustion. He was the first to obtain pure oxygen (1771–73), although he did not recognize it as an element. Joseph Priestley independently discovered oxygen by heating the red oxide of mercury with a burning glass; he was the last great defender of the phlogiston theory.
''The work of Priestley, Black, and Cavendish was radically'' reinterpreted by Lavoisier, who did for chemistry what Newton had done for physics a century before. He made no important new discoveries of his own; rather, he was a theoretician. He recognized the true nature of combustion, introduced a new chemical nomenclature, and wrote the first modern chemistry textbook. He erroneously believed that all acids contain oxygen.
!!!Impact of the Atomic Theory
''The assumption that compounds were'' of definite composition was implicit in 18th-century chemistry. J. L. Proust formally stated the law of constant proportions in 1797. C. L. Berthollet opposed this law, holding that composition depended on the method of preparation. The issue was resolved in favor of Proust by John Dalton's atomic theory (1808). The atomic theory goes back to the Greeks, but it did not prove fruitful in chemistry until Dalton ascribed relative weights to the atoms of chemical elements. Electrochemical theories of chemical combinations were developed by Humphry Davy and J. J. Berzelius. Davy discovered the alkali metals by passing an electric current through their molten oxides. Michael Faraday discovered that a definite quantity of charge must flow in order to deposit a given weight of material in solution. Amedeo Avogadro introduced the hypothesis that equal volumes of gases at the same pressure and temperature contain the same number of molecules.
''William Prout suggested that as'' all elements seemed to have atomic weights that were multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen, they could all be in some way different combinations of hydrogen atoms. This contributed to the concept of the periodic table of the elements, the culmination of a long effort to find regular, systematic properties among the elements. Periodic laws were put forward almost simultaneously and independently by J. L. Meyer in Germany and D. I. Mendeleev in Russia (1869). An early triumph of the new theory was the discovery of new elements that fit the empty spaces in the table. William Ramsay's discovery, in collaboration with Lord Rayleigh, of argon and other inert gases in the atmosphere extended the periodic table
!!!Organic Chemistry and the Modern Era
''Organic chemistry developed extensively'' in the 19th cent., prompted in part by Friedrich Wohler's synthesis of urea (1828), which disproved the belief that only living organisms could produce organic molecules. Other important organic chemists include Justus von Liebig, C. A. Wurtz, and J. B. Dumas. In 1852 Edward Frankland introduced the idea of valency (see valence), and in 1858 F. A. Kekule showed that carbon atoms are tetravalent and are linked together in chains. Kekule's ring structure for benzene opened the way to modern theories of organic chemistry. Henri Louis Le Châtelier, J. H. van't Hoff, and Wilhelm Ostwald pioneered the application of thermodynamics to chemistry. Further contributions were the phase rule of J. W. Gibbs, the ionization equilibrium theory of S. A. Arrhenius, and the heat theorem of Walther Nernst. Ernst Fischer's work on the amino acids marks the beginning of molecular biology.
''At the end of the 19th century'' the discovery of the electron by J. J. Thomson and of radioactivity by A. E. Becquerel revealed the close connection between chemistry and physics. The work of Ernest Rutherford, H. G. J. Moseley, and Niels Bohr on atomic structure (see atom) was applied to molecular structures. G. N. Lewis, Irving Langmuir, and Linus Pauling developed the electronic theory of chemical bonds, directed valency, and molecular orbitals (see molecular orbital theory). Transmutation of the elements, first achieved by Rutherford, has led to the creation of elements not found in nature; in work pioneered by Glenn Seaborg elements heavier than uranium have been produced. With the rapid development of polymer chemistry after World War II a host of new synthetic fibers and materials have been added to the market. A fuller understanding of the relation between the structure of molecules and their properties has allowed chemists to tailor predictively new materials to meet specific needs.
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}}}''Sciences that involve attempts to understand'' the nature, origin, evolution, and behavior of the Earth or of its parts and to comprehend its place in the universe, especially in the solar system. Understanding has advanced primarily through improved appreciation of the complex, usually cyclical interactions that take place among distinct parts of the Earth such as the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Geophysics is the study of the physics of the Earth, emphasizing its physical structure and dynamics. Geochemistry is the study of the chemistry of the Earth, dealing with its composition and chemical change. Geology is the study of the solid Earth and of the processes that have formed and modified it throughout its 4.5-billion-year history. See also Geochemistry; Geodesy; Geology; Geophysics; Solar system.
''Many branches of geology are considered'' separate sciences. Mineralogy is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of minerals. Petrology involves understanding how rocks originate and evolve, as well as rock description and classification. Specialties related to petrology include sedimentology and volcanology. Stratigraphy is the study of the origin, age, and development of layered, generally sedimentary rocks. Paleontology is the study of ancient (fossil) life. Historical geology is the study of the evolution of the Earth and its life. Geomorphology is the study of landscapes and their evolution. Seismology is the study of earthquakes and their effects. Structural geology is the study of deformed rocks. Engineering geology relates to the support of human constructions by underlying rock. See also Engineering geology; Geology; Geomorphology; Hydrology; Mineralogy; Paleontology; Petrography; Petrology; Seismology; Stratigraphy; Structural geology; Volcanology.
''Oceanography is the study of'' the oceans; limnology, the study of lakes; hydrology, the study of underground and surface water; and glaciology, the study of glaciers, ice caps, and ice sheets. These disciplines address the study of water in and on the Earth. The gaseous outer parts of the planet are the province of the atmospheric sciences, including meteorology, which is concerned with the weather and weather forecasting; climatology, which deals with longer-term and regional variations; and aeronomy which, because it deals with the outermost ionized region of the atmosphere, is much concerned with solar terrestrial interactions, including the aurora borealis and aurora australis. The biosphere embodies all life on Earth, and its study includes molecular biology, zoology, botany, and ecology. Geography, the study of all that happens at the Earth's surface, has been distinct insofar as it has encompassed not only physical and biological sciences but also the social sciences, including aspects of political science and economics. This distinction is fading rapidly as other earth sciences become more involved with social considerations.
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''The study of animal history as recorded'' by fossil remains. The fossil record includes a very diverse class of objects ranging from molds of microscopic bacteria in rocks more than 3 × 109 years old to unaltered bones of fossil humans in ice-age gravel beds formed only a few thousand years ago. {{textjustify{
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Quality of preservation ranges from the occasional occurrence of soft parts (skin and feathers, for example) to barely decipherable impressions made by shells in soft mud that later hardened to rock. See also Fossil; Micropaleontology.
''The most common fossils are'' hard parts of various animal groups. Thus the fossil record is not an accurate account of the complete spectrum of ancient life but is biased in overrepresenting those forms with shells or skeletons. Fossilized worms are extremely rare, but it is not valid to make the supposition that worms were any less common in the geologic past than they are now. See also Ediacaran biota.
''The data of paleontology consist'' not only of the parts of organisms but also of records of their activities: tracks, trails, and burrows. Even chemical compounds formed only by organisms can, if extracted from ancient rocks, be considered as part of the fossil record. Artifacts made by people, however, are not termed fossils, for these constitute the data of the related science of archeology, the study of human civilizations. See also Archeology; Paleobiochemistry.
''Paleontology lies on the boundary between'' two disciplines, biology and geology. See also Biology; Geology.
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!!!Geological aspects
''A major task of any historical science'', such as geology, is to arrange events in a time sequence and to describe them as fully as possible.
''Fossils only tell'' that a rock is older or younger than another; they do not give absolute age. The decay of radioactive minerals may provide an age in years, but this method is expensive and time-consuming, and cannot always be applied since most rocks lack suitable radioactive minerals. Correlation by fossils remains the standard method for comparing ages of events in different areas. See also Index fossil; Stratigraphy.
''The physical appearance and'' climate of the Earth during a given period of the geologic past can be described from compilation and analysis of the data which is obtained through studies of the habitats of extant fauna, the geographic distribution of fossils, and the climatic preferences of ancient forms of life. See also Paleoclimatology; Paleoecology; Paleogeography.
!!!Biological aspects
''The most fundamental fact of'' paleontology is that organisms have changed throughout earth history and that each geological period has had its characteristic forms of life. An evolutionist has two major interests: first, to know how the process of evolution works; this is accomplished by studying the genetics and population structure of modern organisms; second, to reconstruct the events produced by this process, that is, to trace the history of life. Any modern animal group is merely a stage, frozen at one moment in time, of a dynamic, evolving lineage. Fossils give the only direct evidence of previous stages in these lineages. Horses and rhinoceroses, for example, are very different animals today, but the fossil history of both groups is traced to a single ancestral species that lived early in the Cenozoic Era. From such evidence, a tree of life can be constructed whereby the relationships among organisms can be understood. See also Animal evolution.
}}}
Source: http://www.answers.com/
+++^25em^[précis]<<tiddler LifeSciencesPrécis>>=== <<tabs tabsClass [[Anthropology]] "" [[573 Anthropology]] [[Biology]] "" [[574 Biology]]>>
[[Edit Anthropology Links|Anthropology Links]]
----
<<slider chkAnthropology [[Anthropology Links]] "Click here to open and close Anthropology Links">>
----
!!!![[Anthropology|573 Anthropology]]
{{textjustify{
{{imgfloatleft{{{textcenter{
[img[http://img442.imageshack.us/img442/9661/maningarden300pxez5.jpg]]
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}}}''The observation, measurement, and explanation of'' human variability in time and space. This includes both biological variability and the study of cultural, or learned, behavior among contemporary human societies. These studies are closely allied with the fields of archeology and linguistics. Studies range from rigorously scientific approaches, such as research into the physiology, demography, and ecology of hunter-gatherers, to more humanistic research on topics such as symbolism and ritual behavior. See also Archeology; Physical anthropology.
''Anthropology lacks a unified theory'' comparable to neo-Darwinian evolution in the biological sciences and is characterized, instead, by a wide variety of subfields that analyze and integrate studies of human behavior in different ways. Social-cultural anthropology examines the various ways in which learned techniques, values, and beliefs are transmitted from one generation to the next and acted upon in different situations. Most studies stress the historical development and internal structure and workings of particular cultural traditions, and anthropologists have amassed detailed bodies of documentation on different human societies. Significant, too, within social-cultural anthropology are cross-cultural studies that seek to identify essential structural or behavioral properties of human society. Modern scholars have sought to identify universal patterns of symbolic behavior and belief, and there are other social-cultural anthropologists actively testing these kinds of propositions in particular cases.
{{textjustify{
{{imgfloatright{{{textcenter{
[img[http://img125.imageshack.us/img125/4518/leftmaincollagepm8.jpg]]
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}}}
''Increasingly, social-cultural anthropologists have applied'' their training and skills to issues of contemporary importance such as economic development in third world countries, public policies affecting ethnic minorities, and changes arising from contact between different societies (especially Western and non-Western ones). Sometimes referred to as applied anthropology, such studies are often made in situations where conflicting social values or expectations may arise.
''Cultural linguistics is closely allied with'' both the goals and methods of social-cultural anthropology, especially with respect to the way in which linguists strive for a reliable understanding of how each different language works according to its own sound system (phonology) and grammatical structure. See also Psycholinguistics.
''There has been a developing tendency in anthropology toward'' integration of different subfields. For example, ethnoscience is a subject in which anthropologists apply approaches derived from linguistics to understand the grammatical structure and manipulation of cognitive perceptions by people in different societies of such things as color, weather, and biotic environment. Another growing subfield is ethnoarcheology, in which observations of material behavior (especially discard) in contemporary societies are used to interpret the archeological remains of prehistoric cultures. Modern anthropology is characterized by its breadth and diversity of approaches to the study of variability in human behavior.
Source: http://www.answers.com/
[[Edit Biology Links|Biology Links]]
----
*<<slider chkBiology [[Biology Links]] "Click here to open and close Biology Links">>
----
!!!![[Biology|574 Biology]]
{{textjustify{
{{imgfloatright{
[img[http://img122.imageshack.us/img122/9849/envscihk7.gif]]
}}}''A natural science concerned with the'' study of all living organisms. Although living organisms share some unifying themes, such as their origin from the same basic cellular structure and their molecular basis of inheritance, they are diverse in many other aspects. The diversity of life leads to many divisions in biological science involved with studying all aspects of living organisms. The primary divisions of study in biology consist of zoology (animals), botany (plants), and protistology (one-celled organisms), and are aimed at examining such topics as origins, structure, function, reproduction, growth and development, behavior, and evolution of the different organisms. In addition, biologists consider how living organisms interact with each other and the environment on an individual as well as group basis. Therefore, within these divisions are many subdivisions such as molecular and cellular biology, microbiology (the study of microbes such as bacteria and viruses), taxonomy (the classification of organisms into special groups), physiology (the study of function of the organism at any level), immunology (the investigation of the immune system), genetics (the study of inheritance), and ecology and evolution (the study of the interaction of an organism with its environment and how that interaction changes over time).
''The study of living organisms is'' an ongoing process that allows observation of the natural world and the acquisition of new knowledge. Biologists accomplish their studies through a process of inquiry known as the scientific method, which approaches a problem or question in a well-defined orderly sequence of steps so as to reach conclusions. The first step involves making systematic observations, either directly through the sense of sight, smell, taste, sound, or touch, or indirectly through the use of special equipment such as the microscope. Next, questions are asked regarding the observations. Then a hypothesis—a tentative explanation or educated guess—is formulated, and predictions about what will occur are made. At the core of any scientific study is testing of the hypothesis. Tests or experiments are designed so as to help substantiate or refute the basic assumptions set forth in the hypothesis. Therefore, experiments are repeated many times. Once they have been completed, data are collected and organized in the form of graphs or tables and the results are analyzed. Also, statistical tests may be performed to help determine whether the data are significant enough to support or disprove the hypothesis. Finally, conclusions are drawn that provide explanations or insights about the original problem. By employing the scientific method, biologists aim to be objective rather than subjective when interpreting the results of their experiments. Biology is not absolute: it is a science that deals with theories or relative truths. Thus, biological conclusions are always subject to change when new evidence is presented. As living organisms continue to evolve and change, the science of biology also will evolve. See also Animal; Botany; Cell biology; Ecology; Genetics; Immunology; Microbiology; Plant; Zoology.
}}}
Source: http://www.answers.com/
[[Edit Botany Links|Botany Links]]
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*<<slider chkBotany [[Botany Links]] "Click here to open and close Botany Links">>
----
!!!![[Botany|580 Botany]]
{{textjustify{
{{imgfloatright{{{textcenter{
[img[http://img45.imageshack.us/img45/3553/stripecg9.jpg]]
}}}
}}}''That branch of biological science which'' embraces the study of plants and plant life. Botanical studies may range from microscopic observations of the smallest and obscurest plants to the study of the trees of the forest. One botanist may be interested mainly in the relationships among plants and in their geographic distribution, whereas another may be primarily concerned with structure or with the study of the life processes taking place in plants.
''Botany may be divided by subject matter into'' several specialties, such as plant anatomy, plant chemistry, plant cytology, plant ecology (including autecology and synecology), plant embryology, plant genetics, plant morphology, plant physiology, plant taxonomy, ethnobotany, and paleobotany. It may also be divided according to the group of plants being studied; for example, agostology, the study of grasses; algology (phycology), the study of algae; bryology, the study of mosses; mycology, the study of fungi; and pteridology, the study of ferns. Bacteriology and virology are also parts of botany in a broad sense. Furthermore, a number of agricultural subjects have botany as their foundation. Among these are agronomy, floriculture, forestry, horticulture, landscape architecture, and plant breeding. See also Agriculture; Agronomy; Bacteriology; Cell biology; Ecology; Floriculture; Genetics; Landscape architecture; Paleobotany; Plant anatomy; Plant growth; Plant morphogenesis; Plant pathology; Plant physiology; Plant taxonomy.
}}}
Source: http://www.answers.com/
[[Edit Zoology Links|Zoology Links]]
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*<<slider chkZoology [[Zoology Links]] "Click here to open and close Zoology Links">>
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!!!![[Zoology|590 Zoology]]
{{textjustify{
{{imgfloatleft{{{textcenter{
[img[http://img443.imageshack.us/img443/5043/zoologygo4.gif]]
}}}
}}}''The science that deals with knowledge of'' animal life. With the great growth of information about animals, zoology has been much subdivided.
Some major fields are anatomy, which deals with gross and microscopic structure; physiology, with living processes in animals; embryology, with development of new individuals; genetics, with heredity and variation; parasitology, with animals living in or on others; natural history, with life and behavior in nature; ecology, with the relation of animals to their environments; evolution, with the origin and differentiation of animal life; and taxonomy, with the classification of animals.
See also Anatomy, regional; Developmental biology; Genetics; Parasitology; Phylogeny; Plant evolution.
}}}
Source: http://www.answers.com/
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<<gradient horiz #fc3 #ffffff>> [[ABC 92.9FM|ABC 92.9FM]]>>
{{borderless{
|<<gradient horiz #abf #fff >><<tiddler ./player>>>>|<<gradient horiz #fff #abf>> <<tiddler ./92.9FM>>>>|
}}}
<part 92.9FM hidden>
{{textleftpad5{
[img[www.abc.net.au_FM.jpg]]
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@@color:#c06;''•'' @@ [[RealPlayer|http://www.abc.net.au/streaming/classic/classicfm.ram]]
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<part player hidden>
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<html><embed type="video/x-ms-asf" id="player_FF" name="player_FF" displaysize="4" autosize="0"
bgcolor="white" showcontrols="true" showtracker="1" showdisplay="1" showstatusbar="1" videoborder3d="0" width="300" height="142" src="http://www.abc.net.au/streaming/classic/classicfm.asx" autostart="true" designtimesp="5311" loop="false" volume="100"></embed></html>
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<script>
place.style.backgroundColor="#abf"; /* set background color */
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!!!!!<<gradient horiz #ccc; #fff>> [[ABC-TV|ABC-TV]] [img[http://img264.imageshack.us/img264/2087/radiotvzt7.gif]] ^^<<tiddler CloseThisOpen with: TVSchedules '« back'>>|<<toolbar editTiddler>>» ^^>>
{{borderless{
|vertical-align:bottom;<<toolbar fullscreen>><<toggleSideBar>>|<<tiddler NavButtons>>|vertical-align:bottom;[[Open in a new window|http://www.abc.net.au/tv/guide/]] »|
----
<html><div align="center"><iframe src ="http://www.abc.net.au/tv/guide/" width="100%" align="center" height="600" scrolling="auto" frameborder="0" allowtransparency style="border:none;></iframe></div></html>}}}
{{borderless{
|vertical-align:middle;<<fullscreen>>|[img[http://img295.imageshack.us/img295/9558/whtblkwhtyi3.gif]]|vertical-align:middle;<<toggleSideBar>>|
}}}
/%
|Name|MiniBrowser|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#MiniBrowser|
|Version|0.0.0|
|Author|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements <<br>>and [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|script|
|Requires|InlineJavascriptPlugin, MiniBrowserList|
|Overrides||
|Description|use an 'inline frame' to display another site inside a tiddler with navigation buttons and a dropdown list of favorite URLs.|
Usage:
<<tiddler MiniBrowser with: id>>
where:
id - (optional) specifies an ID to assign to the DOM element for the embedded IFRAME. If you want to have **more than one** MiniBrowser displayed at a time, you MUST provide an ID, so that each MiniBrowser can be uniquely identified within the DOM structure.
Note: MiniBrowserList can be *empty*, but must already exist for you to ADD a favorite to the list. If you don't copy the sample list from TiddlyTools, be sure to create this tiddler in your own document if you intend to use the MiniBrowser's "favorites" droplist.
%/<html><form target="browser_$1" style="margin:0;padding:0;"
onsubmit="this.action=this.url.value; this.form.done.disabled=false" style="margin:0;padding:0"><nobr><!--
--><input type="button" value="<" title="back" style="font-size:8pt;width:3%"
onclick="try{window.frames['browser_$1'].history.go(-1)}catch(e){window.history.go(-1)}" ><!--
--><input type="button" value=">" title="forward" style="font-size:8pt;width:3%"
onclick="try{window.frames['browser_$1'].history.go(+1)}catch(e){window.history.go(+1)}"><!--
--><input type="button" value="+" title="refresh"style="font-size:8pt;width:3%"
onclick="window.frames['browser_$1'].location.reload()"><!--
--><input type="button" value="x" title="stop"style="font-size:8pt;width:3%"
onclick="window.stop()"><!--
--><select name="bookmarks" id="browser_bookmarks_$1" size="1" style="font-size:8pt;width:21%"
onchange="var f=document.getElementById('browser_$1'); if (!this.value.length) return window.miniBrowserResetSize(); else window.miniBrowserSetSize(this.form); this.form.url.value=this.value; this.form.action=this.value; this.form.submit(); this.form.done.disabled=false">
<option value="">ABC Browser.. choose</option>
</select><!--
--><input type="button" value="add" title="add this URL to the MiniBrowser bookmarks" style="font-size:8pt;width:5%"
onclick="window.miniBrowserAddBookmark(this.form.url);"><!--
--><input type="button" value="del" title="remove this URL from the MiniBrowser bookmarks" style="font-size:8pt;width:5%"
onclick="window.miniBrowserDeleteBookmark(this.form.bookmarks);"><!--
--><input type="button" value="edit" title="edit the MiniBrowser bookmarks list definition" style="font-size:8pt;width:5%"
onclick="story.displayTiddler(null,'MiniBrowserList',2)"><!--
--><input type="text" name="url" size="60" value="" style="font-size:8pt;width:35%"
onfocus="this.select();" onkeyup="var k=event.keyCode; if (k==13|k==10) this.form.go.click();"><!--
--><input type="button" name="go" value="go" title="view this URL" style="font-size:8pt;width:4%"
onclick="if(!this.form.url.value.length) return; window.miniBrowserSetSize(this.form); this.form.action=this.form.url.value; this.form.submit(); this.form.done.disabled=false"><!--
--><input type="button" value="open" title="open this URL in a separate window" style="font-size:8pt;width:6%"
onclick="if(this.form.url.value.length) window.open(this.form.url.value)"><!--
--><input type="button" value="done" name="done" title="stop viewing this URL" disabled style="font-size:8pt;width:6%"
onclick="this.form.url.value=''; this.form.bookmarks.selectedIndex=0; window.miniBrowserResetSize(); this.disabled=true;">
<iframe name="browser_$1" id="browser_$1" style="width:100%;height:1em;display:none;background:#fff;border:1px solid"></iframe><div id="browser_resize_$1" style="text-align:center;marginTop:2px;display:none;font-size:8pt"><!--
--> size: <input type="text" name="w" size="3" value="100%" style="font-size:8pt;"
onfocus="this.select()"><!--
-->x<input type="text" name="h" size="3" value="400" style="font-size:8pt;"
onfocus="this.select()"><!--
--> <input type="button" value="set" style="font-size:8pt;"
onclick="var w=this.form.w.value.trim(); if (!w||!w.length) w='100%'; var h=this.form.h.value.trim(); if (!h||!h.length) h='400'; if (!w.replace(/[0-9]*/,'').length) w+='px'; if (!h.replace(/[0-9]*/,'').length) h+='px'; var f=document.getElementById('browser_$1'); f.style.width=w; f.style.height=h;"><!--
--><input type="button" value="reset" style="font-size:8pt;"
onclick="var w='100%'; var h='400'; var f=document.getElementById('browser_$1'); f.style.width=w; f.style.height=h+'px'; this.form.w.value=w; this.form.h.value=h;"><!--
--><input type="button" value="fit" title="resize to fit containing window" style="font-size:8pt;"
onclick="window.miniBrowserFitSize(this)"><!--
--></div></nobr></form></html><script>
// load bookmarks droplist from HR-separated "MiniBrowserList" tiddler contents
var here=document.getElementById("browser_bookmarks_$1");
while (here.length) here.options[0]=null; // remove current list items
here.options[here.length]=new Option("ABC Browser...","",true,true);
var list=store.getTiddlerText("MiniBrowserList");
if (list && list.trim().length) {
var parts=list.split("\n----\n");
for (var p=0; p<parts.length; p++) {
var lines=parts[p].split("\n");
var label=lines.shift(); // 1st line=display text
var value=lines.shift(); // 2nd line=item value
var indent=value&&value.length?"\xa0\xa0":"";
here.options[here.length]=new Option(indent+label,value,false,false);
}
}
window.miniBrowserSetSize = function(form) {
var f=document.getElementById('browser_$1');
var w=form.w.value.trim(); if (!w||!w.length) w='100%'; if (!w.replace(/[0-9]*/,'').length) w+='px';
var h=form.h.value.trim(); if (!h||!h.length) h='400'; if (!h.replace(/[0-9]*/,'').length) h+='px';
f.style.width=w; f.style.height=h; f.style.display="block";
document.getElementById('browser_resize_$1').style.display="block";
return false;
}
window.miniBrowserResetSize = function() {
var f=document.getElementById('browser_$1');
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f.style.width='100%'; f.style.height='1em'; f.style.display="none";
document.getElementById('browser_resize_$1').style.display="none";
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}
window.miniBrowserFitSize = function(place) {
var trim=88; // fudge factor for controls + padding + borders. ADJUST TO FIT LAYOUT
var t=story.findContainingTiddler(place);
if (!t) { t=place; while (t && t.className!='floatingPanel') t=t.parentNode; } if (!t) return;
var w="100%"; // horizontal stretching via CSS works, but vertical stretching doesn't... so:
var h=(t.offsetHeight-trim); // workaround: get containing panel/tiddler height and subtract "trim" height
place.form.w.value=w; place.form.h.value=h; // update width/height input fields
var f=document.getElementById('browser_$1');
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story.refreshTiddler("MiniBrowser",1,true);
store.setDirty(true);
}
window.miniBrowserDeleteBookmark = function(place) {
var v=place.value; if (!v.length) return;
var d=place.options[place.selectedIndex].text; if (!d.length) return;
var t = store.getTiddler("MiniBrowserList");
if (!confirm("Are you sure you want to remove this MiniBrowser bookmark?\n\n"+d+"\n"+v)) return;
var pat='%0\n%1\n----\n'.format([d.replace(/\xa0/g,''),v]); var re=new RegExp(pat,"i");
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story.refreshTiddler("MiniBrowserList",1,true);
story.refreshTiddler("MiniBrowser",1,true);
store.setDirty(true);
}
</script><<tiddler HideTiddlerTags>>
+++[+ Mailing Lists]
{{membersmove{
[[Subscribe|Subscribe to Science-Matters]]
[[Unsubscribe|Unsubscribe to Science-Matters]]
}}}
===
{{scrollauto{
{{textcenter{
{{headline{
''==== ABC Science Updates, 25 June 2009 ====''
}}}
----
==== NEW ON ABC SCIENCE ONLINE ====
==== http://www.abc.net.au/science ====
}}}
== IN DEPTH: VIDEO GAMES ARE GOOD FOR YOU ==
Critics say video games can make you angry, unresponsive and soft in the brain. But that's not the whole story. Some cognitive scientists argue they can also be good for you.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10497/0/
== PHOTO COMPETITION: REFLECTIONS ON THE MOON ==
Don't forget to enter our photo competitions celebrating nearly forty years since humans first walked on the moon. Send us your photos reflecting on the moon and you could win a $100 ABC Shop gift voucher!
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10119/0/
== HOT TAG OF THE WEEK: PHYSICS ==
Could Australian scientists be a step closer to developing quantum computers? Find out how a distant carbon discovery has puzzled astronomers, and what causes some sorts of earthquakes. Read all about it on our physics tag page.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10498/0/
== DR KARL: WATER-POWERED ENGINE THEORIES NEED HOSING DOWN ==
Will we one day be able to power cars with water? Dr Karl has had a look to see if the idea floats.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10499/0/
Follow Dr Karl on Twitter: http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10121/0/
== DR KARL ON TRIPLEJ: DR KARL ANSWERS SOME ITCHY QUESTIONS ==
Why does back scratching feel so good? Also: Can you recharge your mobile by sending an SMS? Is urinating on tomato plants good for them? And do tides occur in salt lakes?
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/9919/0/
== TOP STORIES FROM NEWS IN SCIENCE ==
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/1759/0/
ANCIENT FLUTE OLDEST INSTRUMENT FOUND
Stone Age humans may have ripped raw meat from the bone, but they also played music, according to a study reporting the discovery of a 35,000-year-old flute, the oldest instrument known.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10500/0/
DISTANT CARBON CONFOUNDS ASTRONOMERS
An international team of astronomers have detected carbon that formed one billion years after the Big Bang.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10501/0/
GIANT KANGAROO EXTINCTION THEORY DISPUTED
Claims that the largest ever kangaroo was hunted to extinction in Australia 45,000 years ago are "unsubstantiated", says one archaeologist.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10502/0/
DEEP FREEZE NEEDED ON HFCS: STUDY
Greenhouse gases from chemicals used in refrigerants and air conditioning are set to be a bigger than expected contributor.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10503/0/
== IN THE SKY THIS WEEK ==
The first quarter Moon is Monday June 29. Saturn is visible in the early evening and can be easily seen as the second brightest object above the north-eastern horizon. It is about a quarter of the way between the bright stars Regulus and Spica. On Saturday June 27 and Sunday June 28 the crescent Moon is not far from Saturn. Jupiter can be seen just above the horizon before 10pm local time but is still best seen in the morning with the other bright planets (Venus, Mars and Mercury). Mars and Venus are close together, but will draw apart during the week. Mercury is just below the Hyades, the A-shaped cluster that makes the head of Taurus the Bull. During the week Mercury becomes more difficult to see as it heads for the horizon. If you are an early morning riser with a small telescope or binoculars, Jupiter's moons are readily visible and Venus is in its 'first quarter' phase.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/1764/0/
== STARSTUFF PODCAST: PINNING DOWN PULSAR AGE FORCES NEW NUMBERS ==
The first ever detection of the birth of a millisecond pulsar; ancient lake detected on Mars; and NASA launches two landmark missions to the Moon.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/4567/0/
== ABC HEALTH & WELLBEING ==
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/1765/0/
== THE PULSE: ONLINE THERAPY: HELPING TREAT DEPRESSION IN RURAL AREAS ==
People in rural communities struggling with depression may not have easy access to the full range of mental health services, but help could be as close as the click of a mouse.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10504/0/
== CATAPULT ==
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/2337/0/
== YOUNG GUNS: KEEPING IT COOL ==
Stuart Kearns has invented a commercial fridge defroster with a difference. Listen to the Catapult Young Guns podcast to find how his idea is generating a lot of interest from supermarkets.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10505/0/
== TRANSCRIPTS NOW ONLINE ==
THE MAN FROM ICANN (Future Tense: 18/06/2009)
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10506/0/
OVERCOMING CONGESTION (Future Tense: 18/06/2009)
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10507/0/
SYNTHETIC LIFE AND GENE MINING (Future Tense: 18/06/2009)
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10508/0/
DEVIL IN THE DETAIL (Catalyst: 18/06/2009)
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10509/0/
ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS (Catalyst: 18/06/2009)
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10510/0/
SQUEAKY SAND (Catalyst: 18/06/2009)
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10511/0/
DAVID EAGLEMAN: THE AFTERLIFE, SYNESTHESIA AND OTHER TALES OF THE SENSES (All In The Mind: 20/06/2009)
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10512/0/
MAKING OR INFLUENCING A MILLION FROM SCIENCE (Science Show: 20/06/2009)
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10513/0/
GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS - THE BACTERIUM THAT LINKS THE HEART AND THE THROAT (Ockham's Razor: 21/06/2009)
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10514/0/
SYNTHETIC LIFE AND GENE MINING (Background Briefing: 21/06/2009)
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10515/0/
TREATMENT OF A PRE-CANCEROUS CONDITION OF THE OESOPHAGUS (Health Report: 22/06/2009)
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10516/0/
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS RESEARCH (Health Report: 22/06/2009)
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10517/0/
EXCESSIVE MENSTRUAL BLEEDING (Health Report: 22/06/2009)
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10518/0/
== COMING UP ON ABC RADIO ==
BY DESIGN - Travel documents in the 21st century
Saturday 27 June, 9am RN
At home or abroad, a map and a passport can help get you where you need to go. We explore the evolution of Google Maps and discover why the new Australian passport is one of the most innovative in the world.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/3870/0/
THE SCIENCE SHOW - Music and the Cosmos
Saturday 27 June, 12.05pm & Monday 29 June, 7.05pm RN
This week The Science Show presents a special event from the University of Sydney celebrating the International Year of Astronomy. Hear how violent, chaotic and dangerous the universe is away from the comforts of planet Earth. And there’s the search for planets, and the possibility of extra-terrestrial life. The evening features the Sydney Conservatorium Brass Ensemble performing movements from Gustav Holst’s The Planets suite.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/902/0/
ALL IN THE MIND - Love is a battlefield: parenting an autistic child
Saturday 27 June, 1.05pm & Monday 29 June, 1.05pm RN
Parents of a severely autistic child can be pushed to breaking point. Do we have unrealistic expectations of what they should be capable of? David and Karen Royko had to make an impossible decision about their son Ben, and share their story with candour and openness.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/903/0/
THE PHILOSOPHER’S ZONE - Is philosophy of science irrelevant to science?
Saturday 27 June,1.30pm & Monday 29 June 1.35pm RN
Scientists get on with the job - they do stuff with test tubes or with computers - but can philosophers help them? Do they need help and, if so, do they think they need help? This week we examine what philosophers of science talk about and what effect it might have on what scientists actually do.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/904/0/
OCKHAM’S RAZOR - Body integrity identity disorder
Sunday 28 June, 8.45am RN
Would you want to amputate a perfectly healthy leg? Earlier this year Catalyst featured the amazing story of Robert Vickers who, by the age of ten, knew that his left leg didn’t belong. For 30 years he tried to damage his leg without success. At 41 he froze the leg with dry ice which resulted in his longed for amputation. This is his personal story.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/910/0/
BACKGROUND BRIEFING - Australia's ocean territory
Sunday 28 June, 9am & Tuesday 30 June, 7pm RN
It's greater than our landmass and one of the biggest in the world. Yet our capacity to explore the deep ocean is severely limited at a time when the oceans hold the key to climate change.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/911/0/
THE HEALTH REPORT - Pancreatic cancer
Monday 29 June, 8.30am RN
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest tumours. It causes a disproportionate number of deaths in Australians, but it has been neglected and not treated very well by doctors.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/920/0/
FUTURE TENSE - Lead on
Thursday 2 July, 8.30am & Friday 3 July, 12.30am RN
We look at the evolving concept of leadership. We talk to Seth Godin about the power of Tribes and why ‘lasting and substantive change can be best effected by a group of people connected to each other, to a leader and to an idea’. And also to Margaret Wheatley, author of a number of books on leadership.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/7172/0/
INNOVATIONS
Sunday 28 June (0830hrs UT), Monday 29 June (1330 & 1705hrs UT), Wednesday 1 July (0430hrs UT), Radio Australia
A plastic revolution in wine maturation; a high capacity DVD to hold all your movies; and education technology still growing despite the world financial downturn.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/1775/0/
== HIGHLIGHTS ON ABC TV ==
NATURE'S GREAT EVENTS: THE GREAT MIGRATION
ABC1, 7:30pm Sunday, 28 June 2009
Each year more than one million wildebeest and a quarter of a million zebra and gazelle migrate on Tanzania’s Serengeti Plains, to graze on the green, short grass plains – one of the most spectacular events in the natural world. But what happens to the predators they leave behind?
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10519/0/
THE NEW INVENTORS
ABC1, 8:00pm Wednesday, 1 July 2009 & ABC2, 4:30pm Friday 3 July 2009
Featuring new ideas on how to make plastic mulch retrieving easier; working on roofs safer; and a water bottle that lasts with minimal impact on the environment.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/1151/0/
CATALYST
ABC1, 8:00pm Thursday, 2 July 2009 & ABC2, 5:30pm Friday, 3 July 2009
Swine flu and the hunt for a universal flu vaccine; a day in the life of Australia’s Chief Scientist; and computing the environmental cost of land management.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/834/0/
TORCHWOOD - DAY ONE
ABC2, 8:30pm Friday, 26 June 2009
Torchwood follows the adventures of a team of investigators using alien technology to solve crime: some terrestrial, some not. In this episode, an alien addicted to sex is let loose on Cardiff's nightlife, leaving a trail of gruesome deaths in its wake. Captain Jack and Torchwood must track down the creature's new host and in doing so confront a violent new form of love in the 21st century.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10520/0/
BEN'S ZOO
ABC2, 8:00pm Wednesday, 1 July 2009
It's Christmas time at the zoo. Ben and his family stuff a cardboard zebra with meat as a treat for the lions and Basil the Coati has an infected penis. The renovation of the zoo is underway, but Ben is also faced with some urgent welfare issues. Most serious is the fighting between the two female Siberian tigers. If a new home can't be found for both of them, one will have to be destroyed. Spring brings tragic news. Ben's wife Katharine is diagnosed with a brain tumour which becomes terminal. All work, except essential animal care, is put on hold.
http://abcmail.net.au/t/504308/683109/10521/0/
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{{textcenter{
AS TIME GOES BY
Words and Music by Herman Hupfeld
}}}
| !Verse<br><script label="(memorize)">return Mem.start(place)</script> | !Words<br><script label="(memorize)">return Mem.start(place)</script> |
|You must remember this |a kiss is still a kiss, A sigh is just a sigh, the fundamental things apply, As time goes by.....|
|An' when two lovers woo |they still say "I love you," On that you can rely, no matter what the future brings, As time goes by......|
|Moonlight an' love songs |never out of date, Hearts full of passion, jealousy an' hate, Woman needs man and man must have his mate, That no one can deny.....|
|It's still the same old story |a fight for love an' glory, A case of do or die, the world will always welcome lovers, As time goes by.....|
!Welcome to your ''tiddlyspot.com'' ~TiddlyWiki! ''[[tiddlyspot.com|http://tiddlyspot.com]]'' gives you an instant [[TiddlyWiki|http://tiddlywiki.com]] hosted on our ''tiddlyspot.com'' servers. Want to work online? No problem, you can go to your ''tiddlyspot.com'' URL (which is http://tiddlyspot.com/science/ ) and start editing. Click "save to web" and your changes are saved directly to your ''tiddlyspot.com'' home -- no messing about with local files or ftp. Want to work offline? No problem, your ''tiddlyspot.com'' ~TiddlyWiki is a real, fully functioning ~TiddlyWiki that you can save onto your hard drive or USB stick. Use the link below to save to your local computer. As you make changes, use the "save to disk" button to save to your local file. Whenever you're ready to sync up again, just click "save to web". !To save online Enter the upload password provided when you created your ~TiddlyWiki. Then click the "save to web" button below (or in the right side column) to save your ~TiddlyWiki. Upload Password: <<option pasUploadPassword>> <<upload http://tiddlyspot.com/science/store.cgi index.html . . science>> !To save offline To take this ~TiddlyWiki offline, click [[Download|http://tiddlyspot.com/?action=download&site=science]]. Save the file locally then open it in your browser. !Learn more about ~TiddlyWiki Find out more about ~TiddlyWiki at [[TiddlyWiki.com|http://tiddlywiki.com]]. Also visit [[TiddlyWiki Guides|http://tiddlywikiguides.org]] for documentation on learning and using ~TiddlyWiki. The [[TiddlyWiki mailing list|http://groups.google.com/group/TiddlyWiki]] is an excellent place to ask questions and get help. !Enjoy! We hope you like using your ''tiddlyspot.com'' ~TiddlyWiki. Please email [[feedback@tiddlyspot.com|mailto:feedback@tiddlyspot.com]] with any comments. ----
!!!<<gradient horiz #fc3 #ffffff>>[[AboutVooDoo|AboutVooDoo]]^^<<tiddler CloseThisOpen with: VooDooScience '« back'>>|<<toolbar editTiddler>>» ^^>>
@@color:#C06;About Pseudoscience@@
<<<
[[An Index to Creationist Claims|http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/search.html]]
[[The Crackpot Index|http://www.math.ucr.edu/home/baez/crackpot.html]]
[[Alternative Science|http://www.alternativescience.com/skeptics.htm]]
[[The Skeptics Guide|http://www.theskepticsguide.org]]
[[ Skeptic's Dictionary|http://skepdic.com/]]
[[Australian Skeptics|http://www.skeptics.com.au/]]
[[Other Skepticism Sites|http://www.sdari.org/skeptic-sites.html]]
[[QuackWatch|http://www.quackwatch.com/]] A guide to health fraud by Dr. Stephen Barrett
[[EARMARKS OF PSEUDOSCIENCE|http://www.skeptically.org/skeptics/id6.html]]
[[Distinguishing Science from Pseudoscience|https://webspace.utexas.edu/cokerwr/www/index.html/distinguish.htm]]
[[How to Argue|http://www.theness.com/articles.asp?id=38]]
{{locLink{Deductive-Inductive-Logic}}}
<<<
@@color:#C06;Sites Promoting Pseudoscience@@
<<<
[[NASA - Space Colonies|SpaceSettlement]]
[[Infinite Energy|http://www.infinite-energy.com/]]
[[Resonant Field Imaging|http://www.item-bioenergy.com/rfi/science.html]]
Many scientists and doctors have found it particularly intriguing that a technology can analyze psychological and emotional states. During ten years of research in this field, ITEM has found that emotion itself is essentially an energy reaction to a perception.
[[Reasons to Believe|http://www.reasons.org/index.shtml]]
Founded in 1986, Reasons To Believe is an international, interdenominational ministry established to communicate the uniquely factual basis for belief in the Bible as the error-free Word of God and for personal faith in Jesus Christ as Creator and Savior.
[[IDEA|http://www.ideacenter.org/]]
Intelligent Design is based upon the Scientific Method, Not Blind Faith
[[VELIKOVSKY's COSMOS WITHOUT GRAVITATION|http://www.varchive.org/ce/cosmos.htm]]
[[Conservapedia|http://www.conservapedia.com]] +++[more...]
<<<
Conservapedia is a much-needed alternative to Wikipedia, which is increasingly anti-Christian and anti-American. On Wikipedia, many of the dates are provided in the anti-Christian "C.E." instead of "A.D.", which Conservapedia uses. Christianity receives no credit for the great advances and discoveries it inspired, such as those of the Renaissance. Read a list of many Examples of Bias in Wikipedia.
<<<
===
[[The Museum of Unworkable Devices|http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/home.htm]]
[[The other science|http://oddbooks.co.uk/oddbooks/#pscience]] « Odd Books »
!!!<<gradient horiz #fc3 #ffffff>> Sites mentioning or linked to Science Matters>>
{{textcenter{
http://www.wholinks2me.com/}}}
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http://www.kuehleborn.org/tw/
~Science-Matters
Wow! Een zeer mooie TW, en ook nog informatief!
(Wow! Very beautiful TW, and also still informative!)
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{{headline{Advice for Creationists}}}
''By “The Curmudgeon”''
{{twocolumns{
Are you a creationist? Or an advocate of Intelligent Design? If so, you know perfectly well how your views are received by scientists, and surely you’re tired of it. If you would like your positions to be taken seriously by those with whom you disagree, please consider the following:
''How to argue against a scientific theory:''
Method One: If you want to present a rational argument against a theory — instead of something that will be dismissed as a meaningless rant — probably the best method is to point out a verifiable fact that clearly contradicts the theory. But … to do this, you must understand the theory, so that you understand what might contradict it.
You will accomplish nothing if you argue against an incorrect comic-book version of the theory, one which no scientist accepts or teaches. Building up and tearing down straw-men is a useless exercise. To put it bluntly, you need to know what you’re talking about.
The evidence you present can be something newly discovered, or the discrediting of something discovered earlier, which turns out to have been wrongly understood — or even bogus. However, even if you’ve really got something, you must be careful, because this is the stage where kooks and cranks and Einstein wannabes so often go astray.
For your discovery to completely overturn a theory, the new evidence (or newly-discredited old evidence) must be essential to the theory, so that without it, the theory collapses. Merely pointing out that some unneeded datapoint is wrong — even a famous one like Piltdown Man — doesn’t bring a well-established theory crashing down in ruins — especially if (as with Piltdown Man) the theory never depended on such evidence in the first place. At most, such discredited evidence might require a footnote, or perhaps a minor correction in the next edition of a textbook. Corrections occur all the time as our observations improve. Such matters are rarely of any genuine importance; but people outside the profession often lack the perspective that comes from knowing the full range of evidence that supports a theory, and therefore assign a disproportionate significance to relatively trivial matters.
Method Two: Another method of arguing against a theory is to present a testable theory of your own, one which explains all of the available evidence better than the existing theory. It’s a difficult task, but not impossible. Contrary to the frequent complaint of cranks, scientists are not closed-minded to new theories. In the last century, general relativity, quantum mechanics, the big bang, and plate tectonics prevailed over initial skepticism. But to devise a new theory, you need to know two things.
First, you must know what a scientific theory is, and what it isn’t[1]. Asserting as a competing “theory” something that isn’t testable is a waste of everyone’s time in a scientific discussion.
Second, you must be aware, at least generally, of the evidence which supports the existing theory. That is what your competing theory must explain. The more evidence an existing theory explains, the more difficult it becomes to devise a credible alternative. Your new theory has to thread a lot of needles.
A competing theory which offers an explanation of only one thing (an ad hoc explanation) isn’t of much use. Science is not a collection of numerous mini-explanations, each of which operates by its own unique rules, in grand isolation from all the others. One thing, considered as if it were unrelated to anything else, may have many possible explanations, and your explanation may seem as plausible as any other. But but does your theory explain all the evidence that the existing theory explains? Can it survive the same tests that the existing theory has survived? Is it consistent with other branches of science? If the answer to any of these questions is “no,” then you’re unlikely to be successful.
''How not to argue against a theory:''
1. Neither ignorance of, astonishment at, dislike of, nor refusal to accept an existing theory will serve as scientific objections. All such arguments are really about you, not the theory.
2. No scientist claims that he knows everything, or that he has solved all problems; and no theory has been subjected to all possible tests. Therefore, pointing out that that there are things not yet known, tests not yet made, or problems not yet solved, isn’t much of an argument. Such items routinely become the research projects of scientists and PhD candidates; the scientific journals are filled with the results of their research. That’s how science progresses. Unsolved problems are the daily work of science, and no unresolved question, by its mere existence, is a magic bullet that will bring a theory crashing down. A newly-discovered fact may indeed upset an existing theory; but a list of unknowns is inevitable. The unknown does not refute a theory. Theories explain that which is known.
3. It should be obvious that denial of verifiable facts doesn’t score any points; it just costs you credibility. And blindly copying material found at frequently discredited websites — especially their often bogus quotes from alleged experts — is intellectually vacuous and makes you appear ridiculous.
4. A theory is not disproven by pointing out occasional acts of academic misconduct, or even outright fraud. There are tens of thousands of scientists, and a few have disgraced themselves. (Similarly, a religion is not discredited because of the personal flaws of a few clergymen.) A demonstration of fraud could be a successful attack on a theory, but only if the theory can’t survive without the fraudulent material. This would amount to a contradiction of the theory, which is Method One described above. But be careful here; well-supported theories usually don’t collapse because of one faulty data point.
5. Other worthless arguments are attempts to discredit the character of individual scientists, or to quote them on unrelated topics, because such matters are irrelevant to the scientific merits of a theory. Isaac Newton was said to be an unpleasant man, and Einstein was a socialist; but the value of their scientific work is not affected by such irrelevancies.
6. Likewise, quoting opinions of people who aren’t practicing in the field is of little value, because a scientific theory isn’t about opinion — it’s about testable explanations of verifiable data.
7. Claiming that the theory somehow causes undesirable consequences — even if such claims were true — is irrelevant to the validity of the theory. Atomic theory, for example, is not discredited because of the bomb, nor is gravity discredited because someone gets tossed out of a window.
8. Claims that a scientist (like Darwin) renounced his theory are meaningless, even if true — but as with Darwin’s deathbed recantation, such tales are almost always fictitious. Galileo, however, really did renounce the solar system (when threatened with torture), yet the heliocentric solar system theory survives quite handily. A scientific theory can survive even a sincere renunciation by its originator (although no such event is known to have happened), while a religion would probably collapse under similar circumstances. This is because a scientific theory is based on objectively verifiable evidence, not the support of its founder or anyone else.
9. Claiming that your opponent’s religious views aren’t the same as yours is irrelevant in a debate about a scientific theory. Also irrelevant is claiming that you can’t harmonize your religious views with the theory. The subject under discussion is the theory, not your religion, and not your opponent’s religion. Science isn’t opposed to religion; it’s just not about religion.
}}}
A version of this article appeared in The Curmudgeon. All rights remain with the author.
[1] A lot of things make up a scientific theory but a good working definition (from wikipedia) is: “A testable model of the manner of interaction of a set of natural phenomena, capable of predicting future occurrences or observations of the same kind, and capable of being tested through experiment or otherwise verified through empirical observation.”
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mi·crop·si·a (mī-krŏp'sē-ə) n. A visual disorder in which objects appear much smaller than they actually are, possibly caused by a retinal disorder but often associated with hallucination or an unconscious attempt to shrink the world to a less threatening size. Source: [[Alice in Wonderland syndrome: Definition and Much More from Answers.com|http://www.answers.com/topic/micropsia?cat=health]]
INGREDIENTS 2 cups whole wheat flour 1 cup All-Bran® Original 1 tablespoon sugar 1 tablespoon baking powder 1/2 teaspoon salt 1/4 cup margarine or butter 1 egg 1/2 cup skim milk DIRECTIONS 1. In large mixing bowl, stir together whole wheat flour, KELLOGG'S ALL-BRAN cereal, sugar, baking powder and salt. Using pastry blender, cut in margarine until mixture resembles coarse meal. 2. Beat together egg and milk. Add to flour mixture. Stir until well combined. Knead on lightly floured surface 2 to 3 minutes or until smooth. Roll out dough until1/2 inch thick. Cut with 2 inch biscuit cutter. 3. Place scones in heated, lightly greased or teflon-lined fry pan. Cook over low heat 10 minutes, turn and cook 10 minutes longer. Serve warm or cold. Yield: 14 scones
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----
''~ToBeFiled''
<<<
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/prox-list/message/23065
<<<
<<tabs "" [[Mathematics ]] "" [[510 Mathematics]] [[Astronomy ]] "" [[520 Astronomy]] [[Physics ]] "" [[530 Physics]] [[Chemistry ]] "" [[540 Chemistry]] [[EarthSciences ]] "" [[550 Earth Sciences]] [[Paleontology ]] "" [[560 Paleontology]] [[Anthropology ]] "" [[573 Anthropology]] [[Biology ]] "" [[574 Biology]] [[Botany ]] "" [[580 Botany]] [[Zoology ]] "" [[590 Zoology]]>>
[img[http://img266.imageshack.us/img266/5889/arrowsmallmm7.gif]] @@color:#00A;''Science is an attitude.'' @@@@color:#C06;''» »'' @@@@position:relative;+++^30em^[Read The Scientific Method]<<tiddler TheScientificMethodPrécis>> <br>[[ Go there »» |TheScientificMethod]]===@@
{{textjustify{
{{firstletter{
@@color:#c06;M@@
}}}@@color:#008;an observes the universe as a stranger, making imaginative guesses about its structure and workings. He cannot approach the world without such bold conjectures in the background, for every observed fact presupposes an interpretive focus.{{imgfloatright{{{textcenter{
[img[http://img237.imageshack.us/img237/1408/spiralgalaxyngc4414ng0.jpg]]
{{locLink{[[Spiral Galaxy NGC 4414|Spiral Galaxy NGC 4414]]}}}
}}}
}}}
''In science'', these conjectures must be continually and systematically tested; yet however many tests are successfully passed, any theory can never be viewed as more than an imperfectly corroborated conjecture. At any time, a new test could __[[falsify|TheScientificMethod]]__ it. No scientific truth is immune to such a possibility. Even the basic facts are relatives, always potentially subject to a radical reinterpretation in a new framework.
''Man can never claim'' to know the real essences of things. Before the virtual infinitude of the world's phenomena, human ignorance itself is infinite. The wisest strategy is to learn from one's mistakes and try to remain objective and humble.@@}}}
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<<< #+++[+Chinese] **[[Cantonese|http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cantonese.htm]] ***[[Hear the Cantonese tones|http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter2/cantonese/recording2.2.html]] **[[Mandarin|http://www.omniglot.com/writing/mandarin.htm]] #[[Chinese Dictionary|http://zhongwen.com/]] ##[[Learn Chinese|http://www.csulb.edu/~txie/online.htm]] ###[[Speak Phrases|http://www.wku.edu/~yuanh/AudioChinese/]] ###[[Tones|http://www.wku.edu/%7Eshizhen.gao/Chinese101/pinyin/tones.htm]] ###[[MandarinTones]] ##[[China Map|http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/china_pol01.jpg]] #[[Number Conversion|http://www.mandarintools.com/numbers.html]] #[[PinYin|http://www.pinyin.info/]] === #[[Anthropology Resources|http://vlib.anthrotech.com/]] ##[[Search Calif. Academy of Sciences|http://www.calacademy.org/RESEARCH/anthropology/collection/index.asp]] #<<popup [[+Words]] [[<<forEachTiddler where 'tiddler.tags.containsAny(["words"])'$))]]>> #[[Music Theory|http://www.dolmetsch.com/musictheory1.htm]] #[[Grammar Punctuation and Spelling|http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/index.html]] #+++[+LogicLinks] ##[[Fallacies: alphabetic list (full list)|http://changingminds.org/disciplines/argument/fallacies/fallacies_alpha.htm]] ##http://onegoodmove.org/fallacy/welcome.htm ##http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/skeptic/arguments.html === #[[Translate English to Latin|http://www.translation-guide.com/free_online_translators.php?from=English&to=Latin]] #[[List of Latin Phrases|http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-latin-phrases-1]] #[[Anger Management|psyche-care]] #+++[+Cyber Social Networking] ##[[FaceBook|http://www.facebook.com/]] ##[[Friendster|http://www.friendster.com/]] ##[[MySpace|http://www.myspace.com/]] ##[[YouTube|http://www.youtube.com/ ]] ##[[SecondLife|http://secondlife.com/]] ##[[Second Life Science|http://www.sloz.info/?p=105]] === #[[Digital Ethnography |http://cwnm.tiddlyspot.com/]]
{{textjustify{
''Do you know what Aspartame is?'' I knew it was bad for you, but never knew how bad until Amme showed me a documentary called “Sweet Misery”.Sucralose is just as bad as aspartame, and was discovered to be a sweetner when a chemist making pesticide (yes, pesticide!) spilled some on his hand and discovered it tasted sweet. Antifreeze also has this property, and is fatally poisonous.
{{imgfloatleft{[IMG[http://img526.imageshack.us/img526/1822/nutrasweetlogo2crrf3.jpg]]}}}''Though I am no scientist'', this video claims Aspartame was pushed into FDA approval through shady deals and payoffs, and can cause dozens of illnesses, among them brain tumors and Multiple Sclerosis. At the VERY LEAST, it is important to at least consider how safe this chemical is, and whether you should let your loved ones intake it, even if its a a precaution.
}}}
+++[See Sweet Misery Re: Nutrasweet]
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===
+++[See Donald Rumsfeld’s connection to Nutrasweet]
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===
+++[See more Nutrasweet]
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!!!!<<gradient horiz #fc3 #fff>>[[Astronomy|Astronomy]]>> <<< [[Celestia: Home|http://www.shatters.net/celestia/]] @@color:#C06;''» »'' @@ The free space simulation that lets you explore our universe in three dimensions. +++[+Astronomy Links] <<tiddler [[Astronomy Links]]>> === [[More Astronomy Links]] http://shareyoursky.com/ <<<
<<< +++[+Science Podcasts] [[Science in the City |http://www.nyas.org/snc/podcasts.asp]] @@color:#C06;''» »'' @@New York Academy of Sciences [[Astronomy Podcasts|http://www.jodcast.net/amp/index.html]] @@color:#C06;''» »'' @@Jodrel Bank Astronomy Podcasts [[The Science Show|http://www.abc.net.au/rn/scienceshow/default.htm]] [[Star Stuff|http://www.abc.net.au/newsradio/podcast/STARSTUFF.xml]] @@color:#C06;''» »'' @@Australian ABC Astronomy and Cosmology === [[Astronomy Online (shopping)|http://www.astronomyonline.com.au/]] [[Astronomy Picture of the Day|http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/]] [[Australian Amateur Astronomers|http://www.iceinspace.com.au/index.php?home]] [[Free monthly star chart on paper for old-fashioned trilobites|http://www.skymaps.com/downloads.html]] [[Interactive star chart|http://skytonight.com/]] [[Jet Propulsion Laboratories|http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/]] [[Mini-AstroViewer-Applet|http://www.astroviewer.com/applet.html]] [[MrEclipse.com|http://www.mreclipse.com/]] [[NASA|http://www.nasa.gov/]] [[Space Flight Now (Space News)|http://spaceflightnow.com/]] [[SpaceWeather.com|http://www.spaceweather.com/]] [[The Astronomical Society of NSW|http://www.asnsw.com/]] [[The Hubble Hertiage Site|http://heritage.stsci.edu/]] [[The Hubble Site|http://hubblesite.org/]] [[The Solar System|http://www.solarviews.com//eng/homepage.htm]] @@color(#C06):^^Superb Site^^@@ [[The WayOut Game|http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/way_out/]] [[Watching out for ISS|http://heavens-above.com/]] <<< |^^@@color(#C06):Astronomy Links thanks to Moon Goddess and Hello Kitty@@^^ |background-color:#FCC5FE;<html><a href="http://www.sanrio.com/" target="_blank"><img src="http://img83.imageshack.us/img83/2594/kitty35yb6.jpg" alt="Hello Kitty Web Site" /></a></html>| *[[Celestia|http://www.shatters.net/celestia/]] » The free space simulation that lets you explore our universe in three dimensions ---- !!![[More Astronomy Links]] ----
<html><hide linebreaks> <b>Entry Index</b></font></font></td></tr> <tr><br><td align="center"><font color="#9c9c63"><font size="+1"><b>A to C</b></font></font></td></tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> <!-- END CHAPTERTITLE --> </tbody></table> <table align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" width="601"> <!-- BEGIN CHAPTER --> <tbody><tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/189.html" target="_blank">Abode</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/756.html" target="_blank">Abrogation</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/187.html" target="_blank">Absence</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/609a.html" target="_blank">Absence of Choice</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/175a.html" target="_blank">Absence of Influence</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/615a.html" target="_blank">Absence of Motive</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/450a.html" target="_blank">Absence or want of Intellect</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/497.html" target="_blank">Absurdity</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/88.html" target="_blank">Accompaniment</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/811.html" target="_blank">Accounts</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/938.html" target="_blank">Accusation</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/429.html" target="_blank">Achromatism</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/775.html" target="_blank">Acquisition</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/970.html" target="_blank">Acquittal</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/680.html" target="_blank">Action</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/682.html" target="_blank">Activity</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/37.html" target="_blank">Addition</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/39.html" target="_blank">Adjunct</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/131.html" target="_blank">Adolescence</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/735.html" target="_blank">Adversity</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/695.html" target="_blank">Advice</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/269a.html" target="_blank">Aëronaut</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/855.html" target="_blank">Affectation</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/820.html" target="_blank">Affections</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/535.html" target="_blank">Affirmation</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/128.html" target="_blank">Age</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/170.html" target="_blank">Agency</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/690.html" target="_blank">Agent</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/835.html" target="_blank">Aggravation</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/315.html" target="_blank">Agitation</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/23.html" target="_blank">Agreement</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/371.html" target="_blank">Agriculture</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/707.html" target="_blank">Aid</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/338.html" target="_blank">Air</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/351.html" target="_blank">Air Pipe</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/669.html" target="_blank">Alarm</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/586.html" target="_blank">Allocution</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/530.html" target="_blank">Ambush</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/241.html" target="_blank">Amorphism</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/840.html" target="_blank">Amusement</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/115.html" target="_blank">Anachronism</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/977.html" target="_blank">Angel</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/244.html" target="_blank">Angularity</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/366.html" target="_blank">Animal</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/364.html" target="_blank">Animality</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/462.html" target="_blank">Answer</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/581.html" target="_blank">Aphonia</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/448.html" target="_blank">Appearance</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/786.html" target="_blank">Apportionment</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/286.html" target="_blank">Approach</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/931.html" target="_blank">Approbation</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/728.html" target="_blank">Arena</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/727.html" target="_blank">Arms</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/60.html" target="_blank">Arrangement</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/292.html" target="_blank">Arrival</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/559.html" target="_blank">Artist</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/703.html" target="_blank">Artlessness</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/305.html" target="_blank">Ascent</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/955.html" target="_blank">Asceticism</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/72.html" target="_blank">Assemblage</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/488.html" target="_blank">Assent</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/952.html" target="_blank">Atonement</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/716.html" target="_blank">Attack</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/457.html" target="_blank">Attention</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/288.html" target="_blank">Attraction</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/155.html" target="_blank">Attribution</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/737.html" target="_blank">Authority</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/711.html" target="_blank">Auxiliary</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/623.html" target="_blank">Avoidance</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/949.html" target="_blank">Bad Man</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/649.html" target="_blank">Badness</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/663.html" target="_blank">Bane</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/794.html" target="_blank">Barter</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/211.html" target="_blank">Base</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/845.html" target="_blank">Beauty</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/66.html" target="_blank">Beginning</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/484.html" target="_blank">Belief</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/912.html" target="_blank">Benefactor</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/906.html" target="_blank">Benevolence</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/91.html" target="_blank">Bisection</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/431.html" target="_blank">Blackness</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/848.html" target="_blank">Blemish</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/442.html" target="_blank">Blindness</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/438.html" target="_blank">Blueness</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/254.html" target="_blank">Bluntness</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/887.html" target="_blank">Blusterer</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/884.html" target="_blank">Boasting</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/593.html" target="_blank">Book</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/793.html" target="_blank">Booty</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/788.html" target="_blank">Borrowing</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/369.html" target="_blank">Botany</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/202.html" target="_blank">Breadth, Thickness</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/328.html" target="_blank">Brittleness</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/433.html" target="_blank">Brown</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/353.html" target="_blank">Bubble, Cloud</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/701.html" target="_blank">Bungler</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/625.html" target="_blank">Business</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/384.html" target="_blank">Calefaction</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/999.html" target="_blank">Canonicals</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/608.html" target="_blank">Caprice</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/459.html" target="_blank">Care</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/271.html" target="_blank">Carrier</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/153.html" target="_blank">Cause</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/864.html" target="_blank">Caution</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/883.html" target="_blank">Celebration</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/904.html" target="_blank">Celibacy</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/222.html" target="_blank">Centrality</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/474.html" target="_blank">Certainty</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/142.html" target="_blank">Cessation</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/156.html" target="_blank">Chance<font size="-1"><sup>1</sup></font></a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/621.html" target="_blank">Chance<font size="-1"><sup>2</sup></font></a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/140.html" target="_blank">Change</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/149.html" target="_blank">Changeableness</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/815.html" target="_blank">Cheapness</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/836.html" target="_blank">Cheerfulness</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/609.html" target="_blank">Choice</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/114.html" target="_blank">Chronometry</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/995.html" target="_blank">Churchdom</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/370.html" target="_blank">Cicuration</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/629.html" target="_blank">Circuit</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/311.html" target="_blank">Circuition</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/247.html" target="_blank">Circularity</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/227.html" target="_blank">Circumjacence</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/229.html" target="_blank">Circumscription</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/8.html" target="_blank">Circumstance</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/75.html" target="_blank">Class</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/652.html" target="_blank">Cleanness</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/996.html" target="_blank">Clergy</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/261.html" target="_blank">Closure</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/46.html" target="_blank">Coherence</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/383.html" target="_blank">Cold</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/428.html" target="_blank">Color</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/726.html" target="_blank">Combatant</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/48.html" target="_blank">Combination</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/741.html" target="_blank">Command</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/755.html" target="_blank">Commission</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/876.html" target="_blank">Commonalty</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/769.html" target="_blank">Compact</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/464.html" target="_blank">Comparison</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/596.html" target="_blank">Compendium</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/30.html" target="_blank">Compensation</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/52.html" target="_blank">Completeness</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/729.html" target="_blank">Completion</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/56.html" target="_blank">Component</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/54.html" target="_blank">Composition</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/774.html" target="_blank">Compromise</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/744.html" target="_blank">Compulsion</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/252.html" target="_blank">Concavity</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/528.html" target="_blank">Concealment</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/572.html" target="_blank">Conciseness</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/714.html" target="_blank">Concord</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/178.html" target="_blank">Concurrence</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/971.html" target="_blank">Condemnation</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/393.html" target="_blank">Condiment</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/770.html" target="_blank">Conditions</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/915.html" target="_blank">Condolence</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/692.html" target="_blank">Conduct</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/350.html" target="_blank">Conduit</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/82.html" target="_blank">Conformity</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/479.html" target="_blank">Confutation</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/896.html" target="_blank">Congratulation</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/11.html" target="_blank">Consanguinity</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/762.html" target="_blank">Consent</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/758.html" target="_blank">Consignee</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/930.html" target="_blank">Contempt</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/831.html" target="_blank">Content</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/720.html" target="_blank">Contention</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/190.html" target="_blank">Contents</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/199.html" target="_blank">Contiguity</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/108a.html" target="_blank">Contingent Duration</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/143.html" target="_blank">Continuance in action</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/69.html" target="_blank">Continuity</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/195.html" target="_blank">Contraction</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/237.html" target="_blank">Contraposition</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/14.html" target="_blank">Contrariety</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/290.html" target="_blank">Convergence</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/144.html" target="_blank">Conversion</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/250.html" target="_blank">Convexity</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/248.html" target="_blank">Convolution</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/709.html" target="_blank">Coöperation</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/21.html" target="_blank">Copy</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/362.html" target="_blank">Corpse</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/12.html" target="_blank">Correlation</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/592.html" target="_blank">Correspondence</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/696.html" target="_blank">Council</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/179.html" target="_blank">Counteraction</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/468.html" target="_blank">Counterevidence</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/861.html" target="_blank">Courage</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/109.html" target="_blank">Course</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/894.html" target="_blank">Courtesy</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/223.html" target="_blank">Covering</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/862.html" target="_blank">Cowardice</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/805.html" target="_blank">Credit</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/486.html" target="_blank">Credulity</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/219.html" target="_blank">Crossing</a></td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/411.html" target="_blank">Cry</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/702.html" target="_blank">Cunning</a></td> <td height="15" width="33%"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/455.html" target="_blank">Curiosity</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <!-- END CHAPTER --> <!-- BOTTOM CHAPTER/SECTION NAV CODE --> <table align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="601"> <tbody><tr><td> </td></tr> <tr><td align="center" height="25" valign="bottom"><font size="-1"><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/">CONTENTS</a> · <a href="http://www.bartleby.com/br/110.html" target="_blank">BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD</a> · <a href="http://www.bartleby.com/110/s0.html" target="_blank">INDEX GUIDE</a> </html>
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#backstagePanel a {color:#00f;}
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.backstagePanelFooter .button {border:none; color:#fcf ;}
.backstagePanelFooter .button:hover {color:#0f0;}
#backstageCloak {background:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; opacity:0.5; filter:'alpha(opacity:50)';}
#backstageArea { width:100%;display:none; position:relative; overflow: hidden; z-index:150; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}
#backstageToolbar {position:relative; width:60%;margin-left:0;margin-right:auto;}
#backstageButton {display:none; position:absolute; z-index:175; top:0em; margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto; padding:0.1em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em;}
#backstageArea a {font-weight:normal; margin-left:0.5em; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em;}
#backstage {position:relative; width:100%;}
#backstagePanel {display:none; z-index:100; position:absolute; margin:0em 3em 0em 0.2em; padding:1em 1em 1em 1em;}
.backstagePanelFooter {padding-top:0.2em; float:right;}
.backstagePanelFooter a {padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0.4em;}
#backstageCloak {display:none; z-index:50; position:absolute; width:100%; height:100px;}
.contentWrapper {margin-top:0em;
}
.popup {position: absolute; z-index:0; font-size:.9em; padding:0; list-style-type: decimal; margin:-1.0em;}
<html><div id="myImageBox" style="background:black;color:yellow;border:2px solid white;display:none">
<img class="lightBoxClose" src="http://img187.imageshack.us/img187/76/closezn1.gif" onclick="DC3.LightBox.hideBox()" alt="Close" title="Close this window" />
<div><img src="http://img260.imageshack.us/img260/3900/indiatempleatnightbw9.jpg"><br><div align="center">Bahá'í House of Worship - India</div></div>
</div><a href="javascript:;" onclick="DC3.LightBox.showBox('myImageBox')">Bahá'í Temple</a></html>
{{borderless{
|vertical-align:bottom;<<toggleSideBar>>|<<tiddler NavButtons>>|vertical-align:bottom;[[Open in a new window|http://www.biblegateway.com/]] »|
<html><div align="center"><iframe src ="http://www.biblegateway.com/" id="bible" name="bible" width="100%" align="center" height="600"></iframe></div></html>}}}
!!!Biographies of Mathematicians ^^•[[Detach this|Biographies of Mathematicians]]^^
{{borderless{
|[img[http://img337.imageshack.us/img337/3315/schrodingerxh5.jpg]]|<html><img src="http://img256.imageshack.us/img256/5853/russell4fj5.jpg" style="height: 146px; "/></html>|<html><img src="http://img291.imageshack.us/img291/3576/schwarzschildyt9.jpg" style="height: 146px; "/></html> | <html><img src="http://img291.imageshack.us/img291/7750/wiles3pe5.jpg" style="height: 146px; "/></html> |
| Schrodinger | Bertrand Russell | Schwarzschild | Andrew Wiles |
{{textcenter{
|vertical-align:bottom;<<toggleSideBar>>|<<tiddler NavButtons>>|vertical-align:bottom;[[Open in a new window|http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/BiogIndex.html]] »|
}}}<html><div align="center"><iframe src ="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/BiogIndex.html" width="100%" align="center" height="600" marginheight="2px" marginwidth="50px"></iframe></div></html>
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#[[National Culture Collection of Marine Phytoplankton for the USA|http://ccmp.bigelow.org/]] #[[Scripps Institute of Oceanography|http://explorations.ucsd.edu/biolum/index.html]] #[[Evolutionary Biology|http://evolution.berkeley.edu/]] #[[Evolution Resources|http://ncseweb.org/]] Link 5 Link 6 Link 7 Link 8 Link 9 Link 10
{{scrollauto{
{{textcenter{
{{headline{
''==== ABC Science Updates, DATE MONTH YEAR ====''
}}}
----
==== NEW ON ABC SCIENCE ONLINE ====
==== http://www.abc.net.au/science ====
}}}
PASTE UPDATE HERE
!!!<<gradient horiz #fc3 #fff>> THISTIDDLERTITLEHERE^^<<tiddler CloseThisOpen with: HOMETABSNAMEHERE '« back'>>|<<toolbar editTiddler>>» ^^>> !!!!!<<gradient horiz #abf #fff>> Example>> !!!!!<<gradient horiz #abf #fff>> Code>> !!!!!<<gradient horiz #abf #fff>> @@color:#fff;End@@>>
<html><hide linebreaks> </html>
{{textcenter{
+++[Show controls]...
{{borderless{
|vertical-align:bottom;<<toolbar fullscreen>><<toggleSideBar>>|<<tiddler NavButtons>>|vertical-align:bottom;[[Open in a new window|TYPE URL HERE]] »|
===
----
{{textcenter{
<html><a href="javascript: void(0)" onclick='window.open("TYPETARGETEDURLHERE","plagiarism")'>URL to target at iframe</a></html>
}}}
----
<html><div align="center"><iframe id="plagiarism" name="plagiarism" src ="TYPE URL HERE" width="100%" align="center" height="800" scrolling="auto" frameborder="0" allowtransparency style="border:none;"></iframe></div></html>}}}
<html><div align="center"> <object width="425" height="350"><param name="movie" value="TYPE URL HERE&autoplay=1"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="TYPE URL HERE&autoplay=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="350"></embed></object></div></html>
{{niceTable{
|!Title/link|[[TW Help|http://twhelp.tiddlyspot.com]]|
|!Creator|Morris Gray|
|!Subject matter|Tutorial|
|!Description/notes|A beginners to intermedate level help file|
|!Screenshot|[img[http://www.giffmex.org/twinactionimgs/twhelp.png]]|
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<<tabs tabsCookie [[Intro ]] "tooltip 1" [[MakeTabsIntro]] [[TabTwoName]] "" [[tiddler two]] [[TabThreeName]] "" [[Tiddler three]] [[TabFourName]] "" [[Tiddler four]] >>
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<html><div class="blinklist_badge">
<div class="blinklist_badge_body">
<div class="blinklist_badge_header"><a href="http://www.blinklist.com/tiddlywiki/" target="_blank">~MyBlinkList</a></div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.blinklist.com/tiddlywiki/badge.js&amount=10&title=80&description=0&thumbnail=undefined&rating=checked&sortorder=recent"></script>
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<<slider chkSlider BoldTry "How to create bold lettering">>
<<getTiddlerPassword wa9crd>>
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Link 1 Link 2 Link 3 Link 4 Link 5 Link 6 Link 7 Link 8 Link 9 Link 10
@@color(#0000aa):Philosophy | Mathematics | Science | Humanities@@ +++!!!![I. Logic] <<< [[Logic-Introduction]] [[Inductive Deductive Logic]] [[Logical Fallacies|LogicalFallacies]] [[Emotion and Decision]] [[Links To Reason|LinksToReason]] <<< === +++!!!![II. Mathematics] <<< http://www.ipl.org/ref/RR/static/sci40.00.00.html http://www.alcyone.com/max/reference/maths/ http://euclid.math.fsu.edu/Science/math.html http://www.hoxie.org/math/title.htm http://crh.choate.edu/Math/Math%20Reference/Math%20Reference%20Page.htm http://www.stg.brown.edu/~rog/GS96/GS96ref.html <<< === +++!!!![III. Science] <<< http://www.eurekalert.org/resources/definitions.html http://www.asu.edu/lib/noble/scirefrm/ http://www.physlink.com/reference.cfm http://www.ncstrl.org/ http://mel.lib.mi.us/science/sciref.html http://www-hpcc.astro.washington.edu/scied/sciref.htm http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/crerar/db/ref/home.html <<< === +++!!!![IIII. Humanities] <<< http://www.lib.virginia.edu/reference/humanities/humindex.html http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/hum/ http://www.sil.org/humanities/index.html http://www.ipl.org/ref/RR/static/hum00.00.00.html http://bubl.ac.uk/link/hum.html <<< === +++!!!![V. Philosophy] <<< http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/ http://www.refdesk.com/philos.html http://www.ipl.org/ref/RR/static/hum70.00.00.html http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html http://www.ditext.com/encyc/frame.html http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/ <<< ===
<html><div id="modernbricksmenu"><ul><li style="margin-left: 1px"><a href="http://www.dynamicdrive.com" title="Home">Home</a></li><li><a href="http://www.dynamicdrive.com/new.htm" title="New">New</a></li><li id="current"><a href="http://www.dynamicdrive.com/revised.htm" title="Revised">Revised</a></li><li><a href="http://tools.dynamicdrive.com" title="Tools">Tools</a></li><li><a href="http://www.dynamicdrive.com/forums/" title="DHTML Forums">Forums</a></li></ul><form id="myform"><input type="text" class="textinput" /> <input class="submit" type="submit" value="Find" /></form></div><div id="modernbricksmenuline"> </div></html>
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voice-family: "\"}\"";
voice-family: inherit;
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line-height: 5px;
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|vertical-align:bottom;<<toolbar fullscreen>><<toggleSideBar>>|<<tiddler NavButtons>>|vertical-align:bottom;[[Open in a new window|file:///I:/TiddlySpot/Tiddlywiki2.1/BrowseDrives.htm]] »|
<html><div align="center"><iframe src ="file:///I:/TiddlySpot/Tiddlywiki2.1/BrowseDrives.htm" width="100%" align="center" height="600"></iframe></div></html>}}}
/***
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border-bottom-color:#c06;
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----
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''[[List of all tiddlers with no tags sorted by Title.|ByNoTags]]''
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----
<<forEachTiddler
where
'tiddler.tags.length == 0'
sortBy
'tiddler.title'
ascending
write
'"# [["+tiddler.title+"]] \n"'
>>
----
{{textcenter{
''[[List of all tiddlers sorted by Tag by First Line.|ByTagFirstLine]]''
}}}
----
<<forEachTiddler
where
'tiddler.tags.contains("science")'
script
'
function getFirstLine(s) {
var m = s.match(/\s*(.*)/);
return m != null && m.length >= 1 ? m[1] : "";
}
'
write
'"*[["+tiddler.title+"]] "+getFirstLine(tiddler.text) + " "+"\n"'
>>
<script> if (!window.story) window.story=window; var title=story.findContainingTiddler(place).id.substr(7); return title+" is using "+store.getTiddlerText(title).length+" bytes"; </script>
{{borderless{
|vertical-align:bottom;<<toolbar fullscreen>><<toggleSideBar>>|<<tiddler NavButtons>>|vertical-align:bottom;[[Open in a new window|http://www.writersblock.ca/tips/monthtip/tipmar98.htm]] »|
----
<html><div align="center"><iframe src ="http://www.writersblock.ca/tips/monthtip/tipmar98.htm" width="100%" align="center" height="600" scrolling="auto" frameborder="0" allowtransparency style="border:none;"></iframe></div></html>}}}
{{tablecenter{<html><table><tr class="tableheader"><td align="center">Chord with <br>no Capo</td><td colspan="7">Actual Chord with Capo on:</td></tr><tr class="tablerow3"><td align="center"> </td><td class="tablerow3" align="center">1st fret</td><td class="tablerow3" align="center">2nd fret</td><td class="tablerow3" align="center">3rd fret</td><td class="tablerow3" align="center">4th fret</td><td class="tablerow3" align="center">5th fret</td><td class="tablerow3" align="center">6th fret</td><td class="tablerow3" align="center">7th fret</td></tr><tr class="tablerow2"><td align="center">C</td><td align="center">C#</td><td align="center">D</td><td align="center">Eb</td><td align="center">E</td><td align="center">F</td><td align="center">F#</td><td align="center">G</td></tr><tr class="tablerow1"><td align="center">G</td><td align="center">Ab</td><td align="center">A</td><td align="center">Bb</td><td align="center">B</td><td align="center">C</td><td align="center">C#</td><td align="center">D</td></tr><tr class="tablerow2"><td align="center">D</td><td align="center">Eb</td><td align="center">E</td><td align="center">F</td><td align="center">F#</td><td align="center">G</td><td align="center">Ab</td><td align="center">A</td></tr><tr class="tablerow1"><td align="center">A</td><td align="center">Bb</td><td align="center">B</td><td align="center">C</td><td align="center">C#</td><td align="center">D</td><td align="center">Eb</td><td align="center">E</td></tr><tr class="tablerow2"><td align="center">Am</td><td align="center">Bbm</td><td align="center">Bm</td><td align="center">Cm</td><td align="center">C#m</td><td align="center">Dm</td><td align="center">Ebm</td><td align="center">Em</td></tr><tr class="tablerow1"><td align="center">E</td><td align="center">F</td><td align="center">F#</td><td align="center">G</td><td align="center">Ab</td><td align="center">A</td><td align="center">Bb</td><td align="center">B</td></tr><tr class="tablerow2"><td align="center">Em</td><td align="center">Fm</td><td align="center">F#m</td><td align="center">Gm</td><td align="center">Abm</td><td align="center">Am</td><td align="center">Bbm</td><td align="center">Bm</td></tr></tbody></table></html>
}}}
[img[http://img108.imageshack.us/img108/7079/chordsbykeychartcapocns4.gif]] Source:http://www.i-love-guitar.com/guitar-capo.html
<html><div id="myCatsEye" style="background:black;color:yellow;border:2px solid white;display:none">
<img class="lightBoxClose" src="http://img187.imageshack.us/img187/76/closezn1.gif" onclick="DC3.LightBox.hideBox()" alt="Close" title="Close this window" />
<div><img src="http://img187.imageshack.us/img187/7676/catseye2hsttd6.jpg"><br><div align="center">Cats Eye Nebula<br>http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070513.html</div></div>
</div><a href="javascript:;" onclick="DC3.LightBox.showBox('myCatsEye')">Cats Eye Nebula</a></html>
<html><ul> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism" target="_blank" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief" target="_blank" title="Belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certainty" target="_blank" title="Certainty">Certainty</a></li> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism" target="_blank" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximation" target="_blank" title="Approximation">Estimation</a></li> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology#Justified_true_belief" target="_blank" title="Epistemology">Justified true belief</a></li> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism" target="_blank" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability" target="_blank" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepticism" target="_blank" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty" target="_blank" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> </ul> </html>
!!!!<<gradient horiz #fc3 #ffffff>>[[Chemistry|Chemistry]]>> <<< [[General Chemistry Online|http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/index.shtml]] <<<
[[Elements]] [[Elements Melting Boiling Points|ElementsMeltingBoilingPoints]] [[PeriodicTable]] [[Naming Of Elements|Naming]] [[Elements in Latin|ElementsLatin]] Link 6 Link 7 Link 8 Link 9 Link 10
!!!!!Chile Pepper Heat Scoville Scale <html>Wondering how to rate the heat level of various types of chile peppers? Peppers are rated based on Scoville Units, a method developed by Wilbur Scoville in 1912. The original method used human tasters to evaluate how many parts of sugar water it takes to neutralize the heat. Nowadays human tasters are spared and a new process called HPLC, or High Performance Liquid Chromotography measures the amount of capsaicinoids (capsaicin) in parts per million. Capsaicin is the compound that gives chiles their heat. The chart below rates chile peppers, with 0 being mildest and 10 highest heat. <table border="0"><tr><td colspan="3" bgcolor="#000000"><font color="#ed181e" face="arial,helvetica,times new roman,geneva,new york" size="4"><b><center>Scoville Chile Heat Chart</center></b></font></td></tr><tr align="left" bgcolor="#33d13b" valign="middle"><td bgcolor="#000000"><font color="#ed181e" face="arial,helvetica,times new roman,geneva,new york" size="3"><b><center>Variety</center></b></font></td><td bgcolor="#000000"><font color="#ed181e" face="arial,helvetica,times new roman,geneva,new york" size="3"><b><center>Rating</center></b></font></td><td bgcolor="#000000"><font color="#ed181e" face="arial,helvetica,times new roman,geneva,new york" size="3"><b><center>Heat Level</center></b></font></td></tr><tr align="left" bgcolor="#33d13b" valign="middle"><td>Sweet Bells; Sweet Banana; and Pimento</td><td><center>0</center></td><td>Negligible Scoville Units</td> </tr><tr align="left" bgcolor="#b8eb51" valign="middle"><td>Mexi-Bells; Cherry; New Mexica; New Mexico; Anaheim; Big Jim</td><td><center>1</center></td><td>100-1,000 Scoville Units</td></tr><tr align="left" bgcolor="#ecf548" valign="middle"><td>Ancho; Pasilla; Espanola; Anaheim</td><td><center>2</center></td><td>1,000 - 1,500 Scoville Units</td> </tr><tr align="left" bgcolor="#fdf6a6" valign="middle"><td>Sandia; Cascabel</td><td><center>3</center></td><td>1,500 - 2,500 Scoville Units</td> </tr><tr align="left" bgcolor="#ffc967" valign="middle"><td>Jalapeno; Mirasol; Chipotle; Poblano</td><td><center>4</center></td><td>2,500 - 5,000 Scoville Units</td> </tr><tr align="left" bgcolor="#feab10" valign="middle"><td>Yellow Wax; Serrano</td><td><center>5</center></td><td>5,000 - 15,000 Scoville Units</td> </tr><tr align="left" bgcolor="#ef8420" valign="middle"><td>Chile De Arbol</td><td><center>6</center></td><td>15,000 - 30,000 Scoville Units</td> </tr><tr align="left" bgcolor="#f95915" valign="middle"><td>Aji; Cayenne; Tabasco; Piquin</td><td><center>7</center></td><td>30,000 - 50,000 Scoville Units</td> </tr><tr align="left" bgcolor="#ff4c43" valign="middle"><td>Santaka; Chiltecpin; Thai</td><td><center>8</center></td><td>50,000 - 100,000 Scoville Units</td> </tr><tr align="left" bgcolor="#fe312a" valign="middle"><td>Habanero; Scotch Bonnet</td><td><center>9</center></td><td>100,000 - 350,000 Scoville Units</td> </tr><tr align="left" bgcolor="#d0010b" valign="middle"><td>Red Savina Habanero; Indian Tezpur</td><td><center>10</center></td><td>350-855,000 Scoville Units</td> </tr></tbody></table></p> </html>
[[Chinese Birth Signs|http://www.paranormality.com/birth_sign.shtml]] [[Boy friend|http://www.wku.edu/~yuanh/AudioChinese/AuChSnd/new/boyfriend.mp3]] [[I love you|http://www.wku.edu/~yuanh/AudioChinese/AuChSnd/parent/iluvu.mp3]] [[Practice makes perfect|http://www.wku.edu/~yuanh/AudioChinese/AuChSnd/new/shuqiao.mp3]] [[You are beautiful|http://www.wku.edu/~yuanh/AudioChinese/AuChSnd/nizhenpiaoliang.mp3]]
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<<tiddler [[Douglas Adams - Wikiquote]]>> @@color:#C06;''» »'' @@ [[Stormchaser]] #''NEW!'' [[Climate Change Data|http://woodfortrees.org/]] #http://astroblogger.blogspot.com/2009/01/australians-war-on-science-keeps-on.html #http://astroblogger.blogspot.com/2009/01/whats-up-with-polynomial-fits-yes-it.html #http://astroblogger.blogspot.com/2008/07/global-warming-resources.html #Don't forget Australia's own http://bravenewclimate.com/ as well #The international http://www.realclimate.org/
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Colloidal Silver: Risk Without Benefit Stephen Barrett, M.D. Colloidal silver is a suspension of submicroscopic metallic silver particles in a colloidal base. Long-term use of silver preparations can lead to argyria, a condition in which silver salts deposit in the skin, eyes, and internal organs, and the skin turns ashen-gray. Many cases of argyria occurred during the pre-antibiotic era when silver was a common ingredient in nosedrops. When the cause became apparent, doctors stopped recommending their use, and reputable manufacturers stopped producing them. The official drug guidebooks (United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary) have not listed colloidal silver products since 1975. Dubious Ads In recent years, silver-containing products have been marketed with unsubstantiated claims that they are effective against AIDS, cancer, infectious diseases, parasites, chronic fatigue, acne, warts, hemorrhoids, enlarged prostate, and many other diseases and conditions. Some marketers claim that colloidal silver is effective against hundreds of diseases. Source: [[Colloidal Silver: Risk Without Benefit|http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/PhonyAds/silverad.html]]
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''When you want to use commas and semicolons in sentences'' and when you are concerned about whether a sentence is or is not a fragment, a good way to start is to be able to recognize dependent and independent clauses. The definitions offered here will help you with this.
!!!''This handout will:''
* define independent and dependent clauses
* explain proper ways to punctuate sentences that use them
* note some common errors to avoid
!!!''Definitions''
''Independent Clause (IC)''
<<<
An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence.
''Example'': Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz. (IC)
<<<
''Dependent Clause (DC)''
<<<
A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent marker word.
''Example'': When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz . . . (DC)
<<<
''Dependent Marker Word (DM)''
<<<
A dependent marker word is a word added to the beginning of an independent clause that makes it into a dependent clause.
''Example'': When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, it was very noisy. (DM)
Some common dependent markers are: @@color:#A00;''after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether'',@@ and@@color:#A00; ''while''.@@
<<<
''Connecting dependent and independent clauses''
<<<
There are two types of words that can be used as connectors at the beginning of an independent clause: ''coordinating conjunctions'' and ''independent marker words''.
<<<
''1. Coordinating Conjunction (CC)''
<<<
The seven coordinating conjunctions used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause are; @@color:#A00; ''and, but, for, or, nor, so'',@@ and @@color:#A00;''yet''@@. When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction:
''Example'': Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise. (CC)
<<<
''2. Independent Marker Word (IM)''
<<<
An independent marker word is a connecting word used at the beginning of an independent clause. These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. When the second independent clause in a sentence has an independent marker word, a semicolon is needed before the independent marker word.
''Example'': Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz; however, it was hard to concentrate because of the noise. (IM)
Some common independent markers are: also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore.
<<<
''Proper Punctuation Methods''
<<<
This table gives some examples of ways to combine independent and dependent clauses and shows how to punctuate them properly.
|IC. IC.|I went to the store. I didn't buy any bread.|
|IC; IC.|I went to the store; I didn't buy any bread.|
|IC, CC IC.|I went to the store, but I didn't buy any bread.|
|IC; IM, IC.|I went to the store; however, I didn't buy any bread.|
|DC, IC.|When I went to the store, I didn't buy any bread.|
|IC DC.|I didn't buy any bread when I went to the store.|
<<<
''Some Common Errors to Avoid''
<<<
''Comma Splices''
A comma splice is the use of a comma between two independent clauses. You can usually fix the error by changing the comma to a period and therefore making the two clauses into two separate sentences, by changing the comma to a semicolon, or by making one clause dependent by inserting a dependent marker word in front of it.
''Incorrect'': --I like this class, it is very interesting.--
''Correct'': I like this class. It is very interesting.
(or) I like this class; it is very interesting.
(or) I like this class, and it is very interesting.
(or) I like this class because it is very interesting.
(or) Because it is very interesting, I like this class.
<<<
''Fused Sentences''
<<<
Fused sentences happen when there are two independent clauses not separated by any form of punctuation. This error is also known as a run-on sentence. The error can sometimes be corrected by adding a period, semicolon, or colon to separate the two sentences.
''Incorrect'': --My professor is intelligent I've learned a lot from her.--
''Correct'': My professor is intelligent. I've learned a lot from her.
(or) My professor is intelligent; I've learned a lot from her.
(or) My professor is intelligent, and I've learned a lot from her.
(or) My professor is intelligent; moreover, I've learned a lot from her.
<<<
''Sentence Fragments''
<<<
Sentence fragments happen by treating a dependent clause or other incomplete thought as a complete sentence. You can usually fix this error by combining it with another sentence to make a complete thought or by removing the dependent marker.
''Incorrect'': --Because I forgot the exam was today.--
''Correct'': Because I forgot the exam was today, I didn't study.
(or) I forgot the exam was today.
<<<
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|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#CommentScript|
|Version|1.2.0|
|Author|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements <br>and [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|
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|Overrides||
|Description|form to enter feedback/comments that are automatically added to tiddler content|
Usage:
<<tiddler CommentScript with: reverse>>
To indicate the location within the containing tiddler where new comments are to be saved, embed the keyword "comment", enclosed in TW begin/end comment syntax in the containing tiddler source. If you omit the comment marker from your tiddler source, new comments are automatically appended to the end of the tiddler. 'reverse' is an optional keyword that causes all new comments to be inserted AFTER the comment marker instead of before the marker (producing reverse chronological order). If there is no comment marker in your tiddlers source, the 'reverse' option is ignored and new comments are automatically appended to the end of the tiddler.
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config.options.txtCommentFormat="format string"
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+++!!!!![%0 (%1): %2]>\n%3===\n
where: %0=date/timestamp, %1=username, %2=subject, and %3 is the body of the comment
You can further customize the date/timestamp format by defining:
config.options.txtCommentDateFormat
When no custom format is defined, it defaults to current system-specific "locale" format.
Revisions:
2008.10.24 [1.2.0] added config.options.txtCommentDateFormat
2007.07.05 [1.1.0] added 'view all/close all' toolbar item plus code cleanup
2007.06.28 [1.0.2] added tiddler.fields to saveTiddler() call (preserves custom fields)
2007.05.26 [1.0.1] added support for optional 'reverse' keyword.
2006.04.20 [1.0.0] initial release
%/@@position:relative;+++^40em^{{small{[add a note|add a new note to this tiddler]}}}...
<<moveablePanel>>add a note
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+++[*Tuesday, 26 February, 2008 01:18:52 (MorrisGray): scripts]>
http://tinyurl.com/yqbsjz » » Rotating Images
http://tinyurl.com/2jqxm2 » » Customizing Print Styles===
+++[*Tuesday, 26 February, 2008 01:23:20 (new note): ]>
===
+++[*Tuesday, 26 February, 2008 01:24:32 (test): ]>
===
+++[*Tuesday, 26 February, 2008 01:27:19 (test): ]>
===
+++[*Tuesday, 26 February, 2008 01:29:53 : ]>
===
+++[*Tuesday, 26 February, 2008 01:30:29 : ]>
===
+++[*Tuesday, 26 February, 2008 01:31:40 : ]>
===
+++[*Tuesday, 26 February, 2008 01:33:01 : (a note) ]>
===
+++[*Tuesday, 26 February, 2008 01:34:43 : (ABC Science Web Sites) ABC Science Web Sites
* ABCBrowser
Television
Ockham's Razor
The Science Show
The Lab
Health Matters
Catalyst
Quantum
Science News
Catapult
+ SM List Members
Southern Sky Watch
Ian Musgrave
Margaret L Ruwoldt
Science-Matters List
Science-Matters List Topics
All Knowledge
Meredith(soundwarp)
Peter Macinnis, Science Fun
The Funneled Web
+ Mailing Lists
Subscribe
Unsubscribe
Detach this »» ]>
===
+++[*Tuesday, 26 February, 2008 01:36:25 : (test) ABC Science Web Sites
* ABCBrowser
Television
Ockham's Razor
The Science Show
The Lab
Health Matters
Catalyst
Quantum
Science News
Catapult
+ SM List Members
Southern Sky Watch
Ian Musgrave
Margaret L Ruwoldt
Science-Matters List
Science-Matters List Topics
All Knowledge
Meredith(soundwarp)
Peter Macinnis, Science Fun
The Funneled Web
+ Mailing Lists
Subscribe
Unsubscribe
Detach this »» ]>
===
+++[*Tuesday, 26 February, 2008 01:36:53 : (yes) my note]>
===
/%comment%/
{{textcenter{
+++[Show controls]...
{{borderless{
|vertical-align:bottom;<<toolbar fullscreen>><<toggleSideBar>>|<<tiddler NavButtons>>|vertical-align:bottom;[[Open in a new window|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_misconceptions]] »|
===
----
<html><div align="center"><iframe id="plagiarism" name="plagiarism" src ="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_misconceptions" width="100%" align="center" height="800" scrolling="auto" frameborder="0" allowtransparency style="border:none;"></iframe></div></html>}}}
<<configOptions chkOpenInNewWindow=true chkIncrementalSearch= chkAutoSave=false txtUserName=MsgRay chkSaveBackups=true chkRegExpSearch=true chkCaseSensitiveSearch= chkAnimate=false chkGenerateAnRssFeed= chkCaseSensitiveSearch= chkHttpReadOnly= chkSearchTitles=true chkSearchText=false chkSearchTags=true chkSearchTitlesFirst=false chkSearchList=true chkHoldSearches=false chkSaveEmptyTemplate=false chkSinglePageMode=false chkToggleLinks=false txtMaxEditRows=30 txtBackupFolder=ScienceBackups >>
/***
|''Name:''|ConfigOptionsMacro|
|''Version:''|0.1 (31 May 2007)|
|''Source''|http://jackparke.googlepages.com/jtw.html#ConfigOptionsMacro ([[del.icio.us|http://del.icio.us/post?url=http://jackparke.googlepages.com/jtw.html%23ConfigOptionsMacro]])|
|''Author:''|Jack|
!Description
This plugin allows you to store TiddlyWiki options in a tiddler. This means the options are part of the store and are not shared among TiddlyWiki files. The options are also more robust and persist when cookies are loaded.
!Usage
*After installation, enter the options you want persisted into the [[ConfigOptions]] tiddler
*In view mode of this tiddler you can see and modify the options
*Changes are effective and written immediately to the ConfigOptions tiddler as you modify them
*The options are loaded from ConfigOptions on startup of TiddlyWiki overriding any cookie settings
!Revision History
* Original by Jack 31 May 2007
!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.configOptions = {major: 0, minor: 0, revision: 1, date: new Date('May 31, 2007')};
config.shadowTiddlers.ConfigOptions = '<<configOptions\nchkAutoSave=false\ntxtUserName=Your Name\n>>'
config.macros.configOptions = {};
config.macros.configOptions.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {
var resultText = this.parseOptions(paramString);
if (resultText) {
resultText = '|!Option|!Value|\n' + resultText;
wikify(resultText, place)
//createTiddlyButton(place,'Update','Saves your current options to the ConfigOptions tiddler.',this.update);
applyHtmlMacros(place,tiddler)
}
}
config.macros.configOptions.init = function() {
var txtConfigOptions = store.getValue('ConfigOptions', 'text') || config.shadowTiddlers.ConfigOptions;
txtConfigOptions = txtConfigOptions.substr(txtConfigOptions.indexOf('\n')).substr(0, txtConfigOptions.length-2);
this.parseOptions(txtConfigOptions);
}
config.macros.configOptions.parseOptions = function (paramString) {
var resultText = ''
var options = paramString.split(/\n/);
for(var i=0; i < options.length; i++) {
var opt = options[i].split('=');
if(opt.length > 1) {
if (opt[1] != 'true' && opt[1] != 'false' && !opt[1].match(/^\d+$/))
opt[1] = '\'' + opt[1].replace(/'/, '\\\'') + '\'';
resultText += '|' + opt[0].replace(/^[a-z]{2,3}/,'') + '|<<option ' + opt[0] + '>>|\n'
try {
eval('config.options.' + opt[0] + ' = ' + opt[1] + ';');
//alert('config.options.' + opt[0] + ' = ' + opt[1] + ';')
} catch (e) {
debugger
}
}
}
return resultText;
}
config.macros.option.propagateOption = function(opt,valueField,value,elementType)
{
config.options[opt] = value;
// saveOptionCookie(opt);
//if (opt=='txtUserName') debugger;
if ((new RegExp('\n' + opt + '=','g')).test(store.getValue('ConfigOptions','text'))) {
config.macros.configOptions.updateOption(opt, decodeCookie(config.optionHandlers[opt.substr(0,3)].get(opt)))
}
var nodes = document.getElementsByTagName(elementType);
for(var t=0; t<nodes.length; t++) {
var optNode = nodes[t].getAttribute("option");
if(opt == optNode)
nodes[t][valueField] = value;
}
}
config.macros.configOptions.updateOption = function(name, value) {
var txtConfigOptions = store.getValue('ConfigOptions', 'text');
var t1 = txtConfigOptions.indexOf('\n' + name + '=');
var t2 = txtConfigOptions.indexOf('\n', t1+1);
txtConfigOptions = txtConfigOptions.substr(0,t1) + '\n' + name + '=' + value + txtConfigOptions.substr(t2)
store.setValue('ConfigOptions', 'text', txtConfigOptions)
}
//}}}
config.options.chkHttpReadOnly = false;
(function() {
for (var i = 0; i < config.formatters.length; i++)
if (config.formatters[i].name == "strikeByChar")
break;
if (i < config.formatters.length)
config.formatters.splice(i,1);
})();
{{borderless{
|vertical-align:bottom;<<toggleSideBar>>|<<tiddler NavButtons>>|vertical-align:bottom;[[Open in a new window|http://www.convertunits.com/]] »|
}}}<html><div align="center"><iframe src ="http://www.convertunits.com/" width="100%" align="center" height="600"></iframe></div></html>
The Copenhagen interpretation is an interpretation of quantum mechanics formulated by Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg while collaborating in Copenhagen around 1927. Bohr and Heisenberg extended the probabilistic interpretation of the wave function, proposed by Max Born. Their interpretation attempts to answer some perplexing questions which arise as a result of the quantum mechanics, such as wave-particle duality and the measurement problem. Source: [[Copenhagen interpretation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Interpretation]]
/***
|Name|CoreTweaks|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#CoreTweaks|
|Version|none|
|Author|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements <<br>>and [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Requires||
|Overrides|replaceSelection, restart, config.macros.edit.handler, Story.prototype.closeTiddler, Story.prototype.refreshTiddler, Slider.prototype.tick |
|Description|a small collection of overrides to TW core functions|
This tiddler contains some quick tweaks and modifications to TW core functions to provide minor changes in standard features or behavior. It is hoped that some of these tweaks may be incorporated into later versions of the TW core, so that these adjustements will be available without needing these add-on definitions.
----
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
// // calculate version number for conditional inclusion of tweaks below...
//{{{
var ver=version.major+version.minor/10;
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // NOTE: This tweak is included in the TW2.2 core - ''use with TW2.1.3 or earlier''
// // BUG: when {{{<<newTiddler>>}}} is invoked with a {{{title:xxxx}}} param, the title is being passed through the Date.formatString() method, converting all occurrences of date/time formatting sequences (such as "ss" for seconds) with their corresponding values, as if {{{<<newJournal}}}>> had been invoked instead.
// // FIX: in onClickNewTiddler(), explicitly check "isJournal" attribute for "true", instead of just a non-zero value.
//{{{
if (ver<2.2) {
config.macros.newTiddler.onClickNewTiddler = function()
{
var title = this.getAttribute("newTitle");
if(this.getAttribute("isJournal")=="true") // ELS: added explicit check for =="true" instead of just non-zero value
{
var now = new Date();
title = now.formatString(title.trim());
}
var params = this.getAttribute("params").split("|");
var focus = this.getAttribute("newFocus");
var template = this.getAttribute("newTemplate");
story.displayTiddler(null,title,template);
var text = this.getAttribute("newText");
if(typeof text == "string")
story.getTiddlerField(title,"text").value = text.format([title]);
for(var t=0;t<params.length;t++)
story.setTiddlerTag(title,params[t],+1);
story.focusTiddler(title,focus);
return false;
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // NOTE: This tweak is included in the TW2.2 core - ''use with TW2.1.3 or earlier''
// // BUG: when a tiddler contains an explicitly bracketed link (e.g., [[foo]]), it will still be reported in the 'missing tiddlers' tab (assuming that 'foo' doesn't exist), even when the tiddler is tagged with 'excludeMissing' or 'systemConfig'.
// // FIX: when generating the missing links list, suppress the spurious missing links by skipping over any suitably tagged tiddlers, regardless of the contents of the links[] array.
//{{{
if (ver<2.2) {
TiddlyWiki.prototype.getMissingLinks = function(sortField)
{
if(!this.tiddlersUpdated)
this.updateTiddlers();
var results = [];
this.forEachTiddler(function (title,tiddler) {
if (tiddler.isTagged("excludeMissing")||tiddler.isTagged("systemConfig")) return; // ELS: skip tagged tiddlers
for(var n=0; n<tiddler.links.length;n++)
{
var link = tiddler.links[n];
if(this.fetchTiddler(link) == null && !this.isShadowTiddler(link))
results.pushUnique(link);
}
});
results.sort();
return results;
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // NOTE: This tweak is included in the TW2.2.0 core - ''use with TW2.2.0 //beta 5// only''
// // fix for loadMissingTiddler(), which needs to have a non-null 'fields' value
// // passed to it, or it will get a fatal error
//{{{
if (ver==2.2 && version.beta==5) {
Story.prototype.coreTweaks_loadMissingTiddler = Story.prototype.loadMissingTiddler
Story.prototype.loadMissingTiddler = function(title,fields,tiddlerElem)
{
if (!fields) return null; // ELS - check for valid custom fields
return this.coreTweaks_loadMissingTiddler.apply(this,arguments);
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // NOTE: This tweak is included in the TW2.2 core - ''use with TW2.2.0 beta5 or TW2.1.3 or earlier''
// // fix for bug#301, in which FireFox doesn't properly re-display textarea contents when other elements are removed from the DOM, causing the textarea to shift position but leave the textarea contents behind (overlapping other content)
// // this tweak uses a CSS trick to force the page contents to "reflow" after invoking closeTiddler() or refreshTiddler()
//{{{
if ((ver<2.2)||(ver==2.2 && version.beta==5)) {
config.browser.isGecko = (config.userAgent.indexOf("gecko")!=-1);
// Force the browser to do a document reflow when needed to workaround browser bugs
function forceReflow()
{
if(config.browser.isGecko) {
setStylesheet("body {top:-1em;margin-top:1em;}");
setStylesheet("");
}
}
Story.prototype.coreTweaks_closeTiddler = Story.prototype.closeTiddler;
Story.prototype.closeTiddler = function(title,animate,unused)
{
this.coreTweaks_closeTiddler.apply(this,arguments);
forceReflow();
}
Story.prototype.coreTweaks_refreshTiddler = Story.prototype.refreshTiddler;
Story.prototype.refreshTiddler = function(title,template,force)
{
var elem=this.coreTweaks_refreshTiddler.apply(this,arguments);
forceReflow();
return elem;
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // NOTE: This tweak is included in the TW2.2 core - ''use with TW2.1.3 or earlier''
// // corrects FireFox handling for replaceSelection() so that selected content is actually replaced instead of simply inserting next text.
//{{{
if (ver<2.2) {
function replaceSelection(e,text)
{
if (e.setSelectionRange) {
var oldpos = e.selectionStart;
var isRange=e.selectionEnd-e.selectionStart;
e.value = e.value.substr(0,e.selectionStart) + text + e.value.substr(e.selectionEnd);
e.setSelectionRange( isRange?oldpos:oldpos+text.length, oldpos+text.length);
var linecount = e.value.split('\n').length;
var thisline = e.value.substr(0,e.selectionStart).split('\n').length-1;
e.scrollTop = Math.floor((thisline-e.rows/2)*e.scrollHeight/linecount);
}
else if (document.selection) {
var range = document.selection.createRange();
if (range.parentElement() == e) {
var isCollapsed = range.text == "";
range.text = text;
if (!isCollapsed) {
range.moveStart('character', -text.length);
range.select();
}
}
}
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // NOTE: This tweak is obsolete in TW2.2, which uses a different animation 'engine' - ''use with TW2.1.3 or earlier''
// // When a slider is opened/closed with animation enabled, the opacity/alphafilter styles are incrementally adjusted to create a "fade-in/fade-out" effect. However, this effect seems to render incredibly slowly on FireFox, and even slower when the background image is a complex JPG photo image, making animation impractical to use. This tweak provides an option to disable the opacity/alphafilter handling, while leaving the 'incremental height' animation intact. The resulting increase in performance makes it possible to leave the animation enabled so that you can benefit from the visual cues it provides.
//{{{
if (ver<2.2) {
if (!config.options.chkEnableFade) config.options.chkEnableFade=false; // ELS: added conditional option for fade-in/fade-out
Slider.prototype.tick = function()
{
this.progress += this.step;
if(this.progress < 0 || this.progress > 1)
{
this.stop();
return false;
}
else
{
var f = Animator.slowInSlowOut(this.progress);
var h = this.realHeight * f;
this.element.style.height = h + "px";
if (config.options.chkEnableFade) // ELS: added conditional option for fade-in/fade-out
{
this.element.style.opacity = f;
this.element.style.filter = "alpha(opacity:" + f * 100 +")";
}
return true;
}
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // NOTE: This tweak is included in the TW2.2 core - ''use with TW2.1.3 or earlier''
// // This tweak adds an optional 'rows' parameters to the 'edit' macro (used in EditTemplate). When 'rows' is specified, the field in the tiddler editor is rendered as a multi-line textarea element instead of a single-line input element
//{{{
if (ver<2.2) {
config.macros.edit.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)
{
var field = params[0];
var rows = params[1]; // ELS: optional row count (forces creation of textarea element)
if((tiddler instanceof Tiddler) && field) {
story.setDirty(tiddler.title,true);
if(field != "text" && !rows) { // create single-line input element
var e = createTiddlyElement(null,"input");
if(tiddler.isReadOnly())
e.setAttribute("readOnly","readOnly");
e.setAttribute("edit",field);
e.setAttribute("type","text");
var v = store.getValue(tiddler,field);
if(!v)
v = "";
e.value = v;
e.setAttribute("size","40");
e.setAttribute("autocomplete","off");
place.appendChild(e);
} else { // create multi-line textarea element
var wrapper1 = createTiddlyElement(null,"fieldset",null,"fieldsetFix");
var wrapper2 = createTiddlyElement(wrapper1,"div");
var e = createTiddlyElement(wrapper2,"textarea");
if(tiddler.isReadOnly())
e.setAttribute("readOnly","readOnly");
var v = store.getValue(tiddler,field);
if(!v)
v = "";
e.value = v;
var rows = rows?rows:10; // ELS: use specified # of rows if provided, otherwise, default as usual
var lines = v.match(/\n/mg);
var maxLines = Math.max(parseInt(config.options.txtMaxEditRows),5);
if(lines != null && lines.length > rows)
rows = lines.length + 5;
rows = Math.min(rows,maxLines);
e.setAttribute("rows",rows);
e.setAttribute("edit",field);
place.appendChild(wrapper1);
}
}
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
This tweak adds a {{{<<wikify>>}}} macro that allows you to easily render small bits of wiki-syntax content that you can embed directly into a template. For example: {{{<span class='...' macro='wikify "//Today is:// <<today>>"'></span>}}}, which will display the current date with a suitably formatted heading.
***/
//{{{
config.macros.wikify={ handler: function(place,macroName,params) { wikify(params.join(" "),place); } }
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // This tweak adds URL paramifier handlers for "hide:elementID" and "show:elementID". This is useful for forcing the display state of specific TW page elements, without requiring StyleSheet changes. For example, if your customized StyleSheet hides the sidebar (useful for 'read only' published documents), you can force it to display when you need to edit the document by adding {{{#show:sidebar}}} to the document URL. Alternatively, you might want to supress non-tiddler content when printing by hiding the sidebars and header (e.g., {{{#hide:mainMenu hide:sidebar hide:header}}})
//{{{
if (config.paramifiers) { // check for backward-compatibility
config.paramifiers.hide = { onstart: function(id) { var e=document.getElementById(id); if (e) e.style.display="none"; } };
config.paramifiers.show = { onstart: function(id) { var e=document.getElementById(id); if (e) e.style.display="block"; } };
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // This HIJACK tweak pre-processes source content to convert "double-backslash-newline" into {{{<br>}}} before wikify(), so that literal newlines can be embedded in line-mode wiki syntax (e.g., tables, bullets, etc.). Based on a suggestion from Sitaram Chamarty.
//{{{
window.coreWikify = wikify;
window.wikify = function(source,output,highlightRegExp,tiddler)
{
if (source) arguments[0]=source.replace(/\\\\\n/mg,"<br>");
coreWikify.apply(this,arguments);
}
//}}}
/***
|Name|CoreTweaks|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#CoreTweaks|
|Version|n/a|
|Author|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements <br>and [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|
|~CoreVersion|2.2.4|
|Type|plugin|
|Requires||
|Overrides|various|
|Description|a small collection of overrides to TW core functions|
This tiddler contains some quick tweaks and modifications to TW core functions to provide minor changes in standard features or behavior. It is hoped that some of these tweaks may be incorporated into later versions of the TW core, so that these adjustments will be available without needing these add-on definitions. ''Note: the changes contained in this tiddler are generally applicable for the current version of TiddlyWiki (<<version>>)./% Please view [[CoreTweaksArchive]] for tweaks and modifications that may be used with earlier versions of TiddlyWiki.%/''
To install //all// of these tweaks, import (or copy/paste) this tiddler into your document. To include only //some// of the tweaks, you can edit the imported tiddler to remove the tweaks that you don't want. Alternatively, you could copy/paste a few selected tweaks from this tiddler into a tiddler that you create in your own document. Be certain to tag that tiddler with<<tag systemConfig>> (i.e., a plugin tiddler) and then save-and-reload for the tweaks to take effect.
***/
/***
!!! Ticketed Tweaks
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/675 - OPEN
// // This tweak adds a URL paramifier, "#recent:N", to automatically display the N most recently changed tiddlers. N is, of course, an integer number. If N=0 (or is not a numeric value), the regular [[DefaultTiddlers]] will be displayed.
//{{{
config.paramifiers.recent= {
onstart: function(v) {
var titles=[];
var tids=store.getTiddlers("modified","excludeLists").reverse();
for (var t=0; t<v && t<tids.length; t++) titles.push(tids[t].title);
story.displayTiddlers(null,titles);
}
};
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
/***
http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/664 - OPEN
This tweak provides "loose" matching of tiddler titles so that text using variations of mixed-case and/or added/omitted spaces can still be used to create links enclosed in {{{[[...]]}}}. This permits normal prose-style text to be easily linked to tiddler titles, without requiring use of the "pretty link" syntax. For example:
{{{
[[CoreTweaks]], [[coreTweaks]], [[core tweaks]],
[[CORE TWEAKS]], [[CoRe TwEaKs]], [[coreTWEAKS]]
}}}
>[[CoreTweaks]], [[coreTweaks]], [[core tweaks]],
>[[CORE TWEAKS]], [[CoRe TwEaKs]], [[coreTWEAKS]]
Configuration:
><<option chkLooseLinks>> Allow case-folded and/or space-folded text to link to existing tiddler titles
>{{{usage: <<option chkLooseLinks>>}}}
***/
//{{{
if (!config.options.chkLooseLinks)
config.options.chkLooseLinks=false; // default to standard behavior
window.caseFold_createTiddlyLink = window.createTiddlyLink;
window.createTiddlyLink = function(place,title,includeText,className) {
var btn=window.caseFold_createTiddlyLink.apply(this,arguments); // create core link
if (!config.options.chkLooseLinks) return btn;
if (store.getTiddlerText(title)) return btn; // matching tiddler (or shadow) exists
var target=title.toLowerCase().replace(/\s/g,"");
var tids=store.getTiddlers("title");
for (var t=0; t<tids.length; t++) {
if (tids[t].title.toLowerCase().replace(/\s/g,"")==target) {
var i=getTiddlyLinkInfo(tids[t].title,className);
btn.setAttribute("tiddlyLink",tids[t].title);
btn.title=i.subTitle;
btn.className=i.classes;
break;
}
}
return btn;
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/657 - OPEN
// // This tweak inserts an extra space element following each tab, allowing them to wrap onto multiple lines if needed.
//{{{
config.macros.tabs.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{
var cookie = params[0];
var numTabs = (params.length-1)/3;
var wrapper = createTiddlyElement(null,"div",null,"tabsetWrapper " + cookie);
var tabset = createTiddlyElement(wrapper,"div",null,"tabset");
tabset.setAttribute("cookie",cookie);
var validTab = false;
for(var t=0; t<numTabs; t++) {
var label = params[t*3+1];
var prompt = params[t*3+2];
var content = params[t*3+3];
var tab = createTiddlyButton(tabset,label,prompt,this.onClickTab,"tab tabUnselected");
createTiddlyElement(tab,"span",null,null," ",{style:"font-size:0pt;line-height:0px"}); // ELS
tab.setAttribute("tab",label);
tab.setAttribute("content",content);
tab.title = prompt;
if(config.options[cookie] == label)
validTab = true;
}
if(!validTab)
config.options[cookie] = params[1];
place.appendChild(wrapper);
this.switchTab(tabset,config.options[cookie]);
};
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/635 - FIXED (not yet released) http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/changeset/5116
// // When using backstage>import "browse" button, resulting URL is improperly formed with "file://" prefix instead of "file:///" prefix. This causes errors when using Firefox 3 (beta) or when running under Windows Vista OS.
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/638 - FIXED (not yet released) http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/changeset/5080
// // When entering text directly into path/file field, each keystroke is displayed and then discarded, preventing manual entry of path/file.
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/639 - FIXED (not yet released) http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/changeset/5113
// // Pressing "enter" from URL or Browse input field immediately reloads the current document. Instead, it should trigger the "open" button for the import wizard (if a URL has been entered)
//{{{
// #635 and #638
config.macros.importTiddlers.onBrowseChange = function(e)
{
var wizard = new Wizard(this);
var fileInput = wizard.getElement("txtPath");
fileInput.value = config.macros.importTiddlers.getURLFromLocalPath(this.value); // #635
var serverType = wizard.getElement("selTypes");
serverType.value = "file";
return true; // #638
};
// #635 - fixup local path/file to form absolute URL reference
config.macros.importTiddlers.getURLFromLocalPath = function(v)
{
if (!v||!v.length) return v;
v=v.replace(/\\/g,"/"); // use "/" for cross-platform consistency
var t=v.split(":"); p=t[1]||t[0]; // remove drive letter (if any)
if (t[1] && (t[0]=="http"||t[0]=="https"||t[0]=="file")) { // input is already a URL
var u=v;
} else if (p.substr(0,1)=="/") { // path is absolute, add protocol+domain+extra slash (if drive letter)
var u=document.location.protocol+"//"+document.location.hostname+(t[1]?"/":"")+v;
} else { // path is relative, add current document protocol+domain+path
var c=document.location.href.replace(/\\/g,"/");
var pos=c.lastIndexOf("/"); if (pos!=-1) c=c.substr(0,pos); // remove filename
var u=c+"/"+p;
}
return u;
}
// #639 - prevent form action and click "open" button if ENTER is pressed
config.macros.importTiddlers.coreTweaks_restart = config.macros.importTiddlers.restart;
config.macros.importTiddlers.restart = function(wizard)
{
config.macros.importTiddlers.coreTweaks_restart.apply(this,arguments);
wizard.formElem.action="javascript:;"
wizard.formElem.onsubmit=function() {
if (this.txtPath.value.length)
this.lastChild.firstChild.onclick(); // press "open" button
}
};
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/637 - OPEN
// // This tweak modifies the tooltip format that appears when you mouseover a link to a tiddler. It adds an option to control the date format, as well as displaying the size of the tiddler (in bytes)
// //
// // Tiddler link tooltip format:
// // {{stretch{<<option txtTiddlerLinkTootip>>}}}
// // ^^where: %0=title, %1=username, %2=modification date, %3=size in bytes^^
// // Tiddler link tooltip date format:
// // {{stretch{<<option txtTiddlerLinkTooltipDate>>}}}
//{{{
config.messages.tiddlerLinkTooltip="%0 - %1, %2 (%3 bytes)";
config.messages.tiddlerLinkTooltipDate="DDD, MMM DDth YYYY 0hh12:0mm AM";
config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTootip=
config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTootip||config.messages.tiddlerLinkTooltip;
config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTooltipDate=
config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTooltipDate||config.messages.tiddlerLinkTooltipDate;
Tiddler.prototype.getSubtitle = function() {
var modifier = this.modifier;
if(!modifier) modifier = config.messages.subtitleUnknown;
var modified = this.modified;
if(modified) modified = modified.formatString(config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTooltipDate);
else modified = config.messages.subtitleUnknown;
return config.options.txtTiddlerLinkTootip.format([this.title,modifier,modified,this.text.length]);
};
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/628 - OPEN
// // When invoking a macro that is not defined, this tweak prevents the display of the "error in macro... no such macro" message. This is useful when rendering tiddler content or templates that reference macros that are defined by //optional// plugins that have not been installed in the current document.
// //
// // <<option chkHideMissingMacros>> hide "no such macro" error messages
//{{{
if (config.options.chkHideMissingMacros===undefined)
config.options.chkHideMissingMacros=false;
window.coreTweaks_missingMacro_invokeMacro = window.invokeMacro;
window.invokeMacro = function(place,macro,params,wikifier,tiddler) {
if (!config.macros[macro] || !config.macros[macro].handler)
if (config.options.chkHideMissingMacros) return;
window.coreTweaks_missingMacro_invokeMacro.apply(this,arguments);
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/623 - FIXED (not yet released) http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/changeset/5143
/***
This tweak allows date format strings to contain backslash-quoted characters that bypass date format replacement. This allows sequences such as "s\s", "m\m" or "a\m" to be used so that "ss", "mm" or "am" can appears as literal text within journal titles or other date-formatted values.
For example:
>{{{<<today "withhold less hummingbirds - YYYY.0MM.0DD 0hh:0mm:0ss">>}}}
>results in: <<today "withhold less hummingbirds - YYYY.0MM.0DD 0hh:0mm:0ss">>
while:
>{{{<<today "with\hold les\s hum\mingbirds - YYYY.0MM.0DD 0hh:0mm:0ss">>}}}
>results in: <<today "with\hold les\s hum\mingbirds - YYYY.0MM.0DD 0hh:0mm:0ss">>
***/
//{{{
Date.prototype.coreTweaks_formatString = Date.prototype.formatString;
Date.prototype.formatString = function(template) {
var t = Date.prototype.coreTweaks_formatString.apply(this,arguments);
t = t.replace(/\\/g,""); // strip backslashes used to quote formats
return t;
};
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/609 - OPEN (separators)
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/610 - OPEN (wikify tiddler/slice/section content)
// // These tweaks extend the {{{<<toolbar>>}}} macro to permit use of "|" as separators, as well as recognizing references to tiddlernames, slices, or sections and rendering their content inline within the toolbar
// // ''see [[ToolbarCommands]] for examples of how these features can be used''
//{{{
merge(config.macros.toolbar,{
separator: "|"
});
config.macros.toolbar.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)
{
for(var t=0; t<params.length; t++) {
var c = params[t];
switch(c) {
case '|': // ELS - SEPARATOR
case '!': // ELS - SEPARATOR (alternative for use in tiddler slices)
createTiddlyText(place,this.separator); // ELS
break; // ELS
case '>':
var btn = createTiddlyButton(place,this.moreLabel,this.morePrompt,config.macros.toolbar.onClickMore);
addClass(btn,"moreCommand");
var e = createTiddlyElement(place,"span",null,"moreCommand");
e.style.display = "none";
place = e;
break;
default:
var theClass = "";
switch(c.substr(0,1)) {
case "+":
theClass = "defaultCommand";
c = c.substr(1);
break;
case "-":
theClass = "cancelCommand";
c = c.substr(1);
break;
}
if(c in config.commands)
this.createCommand(place,c,tiddler,theClass);
else { // ELS - WIKIFY TIDDLER/SLICE/SECTION
if (c.substr(0,1)=="~") c=c.substr(1); // ignore leading ~
var txt=store.getTiddlerText(c);
if (txt) {
txt=txt.replace(/^\n*/,"").replace(/\n*$/,""); // trim any leading/trailing newlines
txt=txt.replace(/^\{\{\{\n/,"").replace(/\n\}\}\}$/,""); // trim PRE format wrapper if any
wikify(txt,createTiddlyElement(place,"span"),null,tiddler);
}
} // ELS - end WIKIFY CONTENT
break;
}
}
};
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/608 - OPEN
// // This tweak extends the {{{<<toolbar>>}}} macro to make the ">" (more) a //toggle// between more/less with the additional toolbar commands displayed on a separate line.
//{{{
merge(config.macros.toolbar,{
moreLabel: 'more',
morePrompt: "Show additional commands",
lessLabel: 'less',
lessPrompt: "Hide additional commands"
});
config.macros.toolbar.onClickMore = function(ev)
{
var e = this.nextSibling;
var showing=e.style.display=="block";
e.style.display = showing?"none":"block";
this.innerHTML=showing?config.macros.toolbar.moreLabel:config.macros.toolbar.lessLabel;
this.title=showing?config.macros.toolbar.morePrompt:config.macros.toolbar.lessPrompt;
return false;
};
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/607 - OPEN
// // This tweak automatically sets the HREF for the 'permaview' sidebar command link so you can use the 'right click' context menu for faster, easier bookmarking. Note that this does ''not'' automatically set the permaview in the browser's current location URL... it just sets the HREF on the command link. You still have to click the link to apply the permaview.
//{{{
config.macros.permaview.handler = function(place)
{
var btn=createTiddlyButton(place,this.label,this.prompt,this.onClick);
addEvent(btn,"mouseover",this.setHREF);
addEvent(btn,"focus",this.setHREF);
};
config.macros.permaview.setHREF = function(event){
var links = [];
story.forEachTiddler(function(title,element) {
links.push(String.encodeTiddlyLink(title));
});
var newURL=document.location.href;
var hashPos=newURL.indexOf("#");
if (hashPos!=-1) newURL=newURL.substr(0,hashPos);
this.href=newURL+"#"+encodeURIComponent(links.join(" "));
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/529 - OPEN
// // This tweak hijacks the standard browser function, document.getElementById(), to work-around the case-INsensitivity error in Internet Explorer (all versions up to and including IE7) //''Note: This tweak is only applied when using IE, and only for lookups of rendered tiddler elements within the containing "tiddlerDisplay" element.''//
//{{{
if (config.browser.isIE) {
document.coreTweaks_coreGetElementById=document.getElementById;
document.getElementById=function(id) {
var e=document.coreTweaks_coreGetElementById(id);
if (!e || !e.parentNode || e.parentNode.id!="tiddlerDisplay") return e;
for (var i=0; i<e.parentNode.childNodes.length; i++)
if (id==e.parentNode.childNodes[i].id) return e.parentNode.childNodes[i];
return null;
};
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/471 - OPEN
// // This tweak HIJACKS the core's saveTiddler() function to automatically add a "creator" field to a tiddler when it is FIRST created. You can use {{{<<view creator>>}}} (or {{{<<view creator wikified>>}}} if you prefer) to show this value embedded directly within the tiddler content, or {{{<span macro="view creator"></span>}}} in the ViewTemplate and/or EditTemplate to display the creator value in each tiddler.
//{{{
// hijack saveTiddler()
TiddlyWiki.prototype.CoreTweaks_creatorSaveTiddler=TiddlyWiki.prototype.saveTiddler;
TiddlyWiki.prototype.saveTiddler=function(title,newTitle,newBody,modifier,modified,tags,fields)
{
var existing=store.tiddlerExists(title);
var tiddler=this.CoreTweaks_creatorSaveTiddler.apply(this,arguments);
if (!existing) store.setValue(title,"creator",config.options.txtUserName);
return tiddler;
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/458 - CLOSED: WON'T FIX
// // This tweak assigns a "permalink"-like HREF to internal Tiddler links (which normally do not have any HREF defined). This permits the link's context menu (right-click) to include 'open link in another window/tab' command. Based on a request from Dustin Spicuzza.
//{{{
window.coreTweaks_createTiddlyLink=window.createTiddlyLink;
window.createTiddlyLink=function(place,title,includeText,theClass,isStatic,linkedFromTiddler,noToggle)
{
// create the core button, then add the HREF (to internal links only)
var link=window.coreTweaks_createTiddlyLink.apply(this,arguments);
if (!isStatic)
link.href=document.location.href.split("#")[0]+"#"+encodeURIComponent(String.encodeTiddlyLink(title));
return link;
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/444 - OPEN
// // When invoking a macro, this tweak makes the current containing tiddler object and DOM rendering location available as global variables (window.tiddler and window.place, respectively). These globals can then be used within "computed macro parameters" to retrieve tiddler-relative and/or DOM-relative values or perform tiddler-specific side-effect functionality.
//{{{
window.coreTweaks_invokeMacro = window.invokeMacro;
window.invokeMacro = function(place,macro,params,wikifier,tiddler) {
var here=story.findContainingTiddler(place);
window.tiddler=here?store.getTiddler(here.getAttribute("tiddler")):null;
window.place=place;
window.coreTweaks_invokeMacro.apply(this,arguments);
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/401 - CLOSED: WON'T FIX
// // This tweak allows definition of an optional [[PageTitle]] tiddler that, when present, provides alternative text for display in the browser window's titlebar, instead of using the combined text content from [[SiteTitle]] and [[SiteSubtitle]] (which will still be displayed as usual in the TiddlyWiki document header area)
//{{{
window.coreTweaks_getPageTitle=window.getPageTitle;
window.getPageTitle=function() {
var txt=wikifyPlain("PageTitle"); if (txt.length) return txt;
return window.coreTweaks_getPageTitle.apply(this,arguments);
}
store.addNotification("PageTitle",refreshPageTitle); // so title stays in sync with tiddler changes
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/67 - OPEN
// // The "missing links" list includes items contained within "quoted" text (i.e., content that will not render as wiki-syntax, and so CANNOT create any tiddler links, even if the quoted text matches valid link syntax). This tweak removes content contained between certain delimiters before scanning tiddler source for possible links.
/***
Delimiters include:
{{{
/%...%/
{{{...}}}
"""..."""
<nowiki>...</nowiki>
<html>...</html>
<script>...</script>
}}}
***/
//{{{
Tiddler.prototype.coreTweaks_changed = Tiddler.prototype.changed;
Tiddler.prototype.changed = function()
{
var savedtext=this.text;
// remove 'quoted' text before scanning tiddler source
this.text=this.text.replace(/\/%((?:.|\n)*?)%\//g,""); // /%...%/
this.text=this.text.replace(/\{{3}((?:.|\n)*?)\}{3}/g,""); // {{{...}}}
this.text=this.text.replace(/"{3}((?:.|\n)*?)"{3}/g,""); // """..."""
this.text=this.text.replace(/\<nowiki\>((?:.|\n)*?)\<\/nowiki\>/g,""); // <nowiki>...</nowiki>
this.text=this.text.replace(/\<html\>((?:.|\n)*?)\<\/html\>/g,""); // <html>...</html>
this.text=this.text.replace(/\<script((?:.|\n)*?)\<\/script\>/g,""); // <script>...</script>
this.coreTweaks_changed.apply(this,arguments);
// restore quoted text to tiddler source
this.text=savedtext;
};
//}}}
// // }}}
/***
!!! Fixed in TW240
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
// // calculate version number for conditional inclusion of tweaks below...
//{{{
var ver=version.major+version.minor/10;
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/578 - FIXED IN TW240
// // This tweak trims any leading whitespace/newline and the trailing newline from tiddler sections
//{{{
if (ver<2.4) {
TiddlyWiki.prototype.coreTweaks_getTiddlerText = TiddlyWiki.prototype.getTiddlerText;
TiddlyWiki.prototype.getTiddlerText = function(title,defaultText)
{
var r=TiddlyWiki.prototype.coreTweaks_getTiddlerText.apply(this,arguments);
if (r&&title.indexOf(config.textPrimitives.sectionSeparator)!=-1)
r=r.replace(/^[ \t]*\n/,"").replace(/\n$/,""); // trim any leading/trailing newlines
return r;
};
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/541 - FIXED IN TW240
// // This tweak adds a conditional check to the core's 'open' paramifier, so that when the document is viewed in readOnly mode, non-existent tiddlers specified using a permalink/permaview (i.e. "#TiddlerName" in the document URL) will not be displayed as an empty tiddler (which shows the "double-click to create" default text).
//{{{
if (ver<2.4) {
config.paramifiers.open = {
onstart: function(v) {
if(!readOnly || store.tiddlerExists(v) || store.isShadowTiddler(v))
story.displayTiddler("bottom",v,null,false,null);
}
};
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/470 - FIXED IN TW240
// // This tweak lets you set an alternative initial focus field when editing a tiddler (default field is "text")
// // Enter initial focus field name: <<option txtEditorFocus>> (//usage:// {{{<<option txtEditorFocus>>}}})
//{{{
if (ver<2.4) {
config.commands.editTiddler.coreTweaks_handler = config.commands.editTiddler.handler;
config.commands.editTiddler.handler = function(event,src,title)
{
if (config.options.txtEditorFocus==undefined) config.options.txtEditorFocus="text";
this.coreTweaks_handler.apply(this,arguments);
story.focusTiddler(title,config.options.txtEditorFocus);
return false;
};
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/468 - FIXED IN TW240
// // This tweak extends the core's {{{<<tag>>}}} macro to accept additional parameters for specifying alternative label and tooltip text for the tag popup "button" link (i.e., "`PrettyTags"). Based on a suggestion by ~PBee.
//{{{
// hijack tag handler()
if (ver<2.4) {
config.macros.tag.CoreTweaks_handler=config.macros.tag.handler;
config.macros.tag.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{
this.CoreTweaks_handler.apply(this,arguments);
var btn=place.lastChild;
if (params[1]) btn.innerHTML=params[1];
if (params[2]) btn.title=params[2];
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/320 - FIXED IN TW240
// // This tweak updates the core's forceReflow() function to fix a Firefox rendering problem, whereby the contents of the a tiddler editor text area can be incorrectly displayed (overlapping other content) when more than one tiddler is in edit mode.
//{{{
if (ver<2.4) {
function forceReflow()
{
if(config.browser.isGecko) {
setStylesheet("body {top:-0px;margin-top:0px;}");
setTimeout('setStylesheet("")',1); // invoke async to bypass browser optimization
}
}
}
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // http://trac.tiddlywiki.org/ticket/42 - FIXED IN TW240
// // This tweak adjusts the left position of a TW popup so that it won't overlap with the browser window's vertical scrollbar, when present.
//{{{
if (ver<2.4) {
Popup.place = function(root,popup,offset)
{
if(!offset) var offset = {x:0, y:0};
var rootLeft = findPosX(root);
var rootTop = findPosY(root);
var rootHeight = root.offsetHeight;
var popupLeft = rootLeft + offset.x;
var popupTop = rootTop + rootHeight + offset.y;
var winWidth = findWindowWidth();
if(popup.offsetWidth > winWidth*0.75)
popup.style.width = winWidth*0.75 + "px";
var popupWidth = popup.offsetWidth;
// ELS: leave space for vertical scrollbar
var scrollWidth=winWidth-document.body.offsetWidth;
if(popupLeft+popupWidth > winWidth-scrollWidth-1)
popupLeft = winWidth-popupWidth-scrollWidth-1;
popup.style.left = popupLeft + "px";
popup.style.top = popupTop + "px";
popup.style.display = "block";
};
}
//}}}
// // }}}
/***
!!!Unticketed Tweaks
***/
// // {{groupbox small{
// // This tweak adds an optional 'sortby' parameter to the {{{<<tag tagname label tip sortby>>}}} macro, as well as the {{{<<allTags excludeTag sortby>>}}} macro used to generate the sidebar contents 'tags' list. Specify the field on which the contents of each tag popup is to be sorted, with a "+" or "-" prefix to indicate ascending/descending order, respectively.
// // Example: {{{<<tag systemConfig "plugins" "list plugins by date, most recent first" "-modified">>}}}
// // Try it: <<tag systemConfig "plugins" "list plugins by date, most recent first" "-modified">>
// // Similarly, to change the sort order used by the popups from all tags shown in the sidebar contents, edit the [[TagTags]] shadow tiddler and enter: {{{<<allTags excludeLists -modified>>}}}
//{{{
// hijack tag handler() to add 'sortby' attribute to tag button
config.macros.tag.CoreTweaksSortTags_handler=config.macros.tag.handler;
config.macros.tag.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{
this.CoreTweaksSortTags_handler.apply(this,arguments);
var btn=place.lastChild;
if (params[3]) btn.setAttribute("sortby",params[3]);
}
// TWEAK <<allTags>> macro to add 'sortby' attribute to each tag button
var fn=config.macros.allTags.handler;
var lines=fn.toString().split("\n");
lines.splice(lines.length-2,0,['if(params[1]) btn.setAttribute("sortby",params[1]);']);
fn=lines.join("\n");
eval("config.macros.allTags.handler="+fn);
// TWEAK event handler for clicking on a tiddler tag to use 'sortby' attribute
var fn=onClickTag;
fn=fn.toString().replace(
/store.getTaggedTiddlers\(tag\);/g,
'store.getTaggedTiddlers(tag);'
+'var sortby=this.getAttribute("sortby");'
+'if(sortby&&sortby.length) store.sortTiddlers(tagged,sortby);'
);
eval(fn);
//}}}
// // }}}
// // {{groupbox small{
// // This HIJACK tweak pre-processes source content to convert "double-backslash-newline" into {{{<br>}}} before wikify(), so that literal newlines can be embedded in line-mode wiki syntax (e.g., tables, bullets, etc.). Based on a suggestion from Sitaram Chamarty.
//{{{
window.coreWikify = wikify;
window.wikify = function(source,output,highlightRegExp,tiddler)
{
if (source) arguments[0]=source.replace(/\\\\\n/mg,"<br>");
coreWikify.apply(this,arguments);
}
//}}}
// // }}}
<html><div id="myCrimp" style="background:black;color:yellow;border:2px solid white;display:none">
<img class="lightBoxClose" src="http://img187.imageshack.us/img187/76/closezn1.gif" onclick="DC3.LightBox.hideBox()" alt="Close" title="Close this window" />
<div><img src="http://img291.imageshack.us/img291/2943/crimpoc4.jpg"><br><div align="center">Crimp Fold</div></div>
</div><a href="javascript:;" onclick="DC3.LightBox.showBox('myCrimp')">Crimp Fold</a></html>
{{borderless{
|vertical-align:bottom;<<toolbar fullscreen>><<toggleSideBar>>|<<tiddler NavButtons>>|vertical-align:bottom;[[Open in a new window|http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram.html]] »|
----
@@color:#C06;''» »'' @@ [[Crypto-Gram podcasts here|http://crypto-gram.libsyn.com/index.php?post_category=podcasts]]
----
<html><div align="center"><iframe src ="http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram.html" width="100%" align="center" height="600" scrolling="auto" frameborder="0" allowtransparency style="border:none;"></iframe></div></html>}}}
/***
|''Name:''|~DC3.LightBox|
|''Description:''|LightBox support library|
|''Date:''|Dec 25, 2006|
|''Source:''|http://solo.dc3.com/tw/#DC3.LightBox|
|''Author:''|Bob Denny ~DC-3 Dreams, SP|
|''License:''|[[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|
|''Version:''|1.0.1|
|''~CoreVersion:''|2.1.x|
|''Browser:''|Firefox 1.5/2.0; Internet Explorer 6.0/7.0; Safari|
|''Require:''|LightBoxCSS (see below), support HTML in MarkupPreHead (see below), access to icon images in subdir ''im'' (showAlert() only)|
!Description
This plugin implements a lightbox widget for ~TiddlyWiki. Via Javascript, you can display any HTML div in the lightbox, or use "canned" divs for displaying HTML message in a box or an alert with icon. The lightbox is closed by either clicking the X-icon or anywhere outside the lightbox. Only one lightbox can be active at a time. See the usage section below.
!!Usage
This plugin is a __library__, not a macro. Thus, it must be tagged {{{systemConfig}}}, but it does not support macro invocation. It is callable only from Javascript so the [[InlineJavascriptPlugin|http://www.tiddlytools.com/#InlineJavascriptPlugin]] is a virtual necessity!
|!Usage|!Sample Javascript|
|Display HTML message|{{{DC3.LightBox.showContent("Some <i>message</i>");}}}|
|Display alert|{{{DC3.LightBox.showAlert("ok", "All is well");}}}|
|Display any DIV in a lightbox|{{{DC3.LightBox.showBox("myLightBox");}}}|
|Close current lightbox|{{{DC3.LightBox.hideBox()}}}|
*The frame for the showContent() and showAlert() methods should expand to enclose text, but this happens only on IE and not FireFox. To be safe, just keep your messages short and use showBox() and your own HTML div for "big" messages etc.
*The first parameter to showAlert() is the icon name. This is simply translated to {{{im/icon.png}}}. The standard icon image files (below) are used with icon strings of "error, "info", "ok", "question", and "warning".
*The generalized showBox() method can be used to display images, media players, whatever you want! Just make up the HTML div, give it an id, then pass that ID to showBox().
!!Advanced Usage - onClose
All three of the above methods support an optional parameter onClose, supplied as the last parameter in a call. It must evaluate to a function which is called (with no parameters) when the lightbox is about to close. If the onClose() function returns false, the lightbox will not be closed. For example
{{{
DC3.LightBox.showAlert("warning", "Something <em>bad</em> is about to happen", soundBuzzer);
}}}
!Installation
#Paste this entire tiddler into a tiddler called DC3.LightBox and tag it {{{systemConfig}}}.
#Paste the Required CSS (below) into a tiddler called LightBoxCSS and tag it {{{systemContent}}}.
#Paste the content for MarkupPreHead (below) into MarkupPreHead.
#Put the image files (below) into a subfolder ''im'' relative to the location of the TiddlyWiki.
!!!Required CSS
Paste into a tiddler called LightBoxCSS.
{{{
#lightBoxOverlay {
position:absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
z-index: 90;
background-color: #000;
-moz-opacity: 0.6;
opacity: .60;
filter: alpha(opacity=60);
}
#lightBoxOverlay[id]{
position: fixed;
}
div.lightBox {
background: #2d2d2d;
color: #fff;
border: 2px solid #eee;
}
img.lightBoxClose {
position: absolute;
top: -5px;
right: -5px;
margin: 0px;
cursor: pointer;
}
div.lightBoxAlert {
width: 300px;
height: 64px;
background: #2d2d2d;
color: #fff;
padding: 10px;
border: 2px solid #eee;
}
div.lightBoxAlertIcon {
position: absolute;
top: 8px;
left: 8px;
width: 48px;
height: 48px;
}
div.lightBoxAlertMessage {
margin-left: 56px;
margin-top: 16px;
}
}}}
!!!Content for MarkupPreHead
{{{
<!-- LightBox translucent overlay -->
<div id="lightBoxOverlay" onclick="DC3.LightBox.hideBox()" style="display:none"></div>
<!-- General use simple LightBox -->
<div class="lightBox" id="lightBox" style="display:none">
<img class="lightBoxClose" src="im/close.gif" onclick="DC3.LightBox.hideBox()" alt="Close" title="Close this window" />
<div id="lightBoxContent"></div>
</div>
<!-- General use Alert LightBox -->
<div class="lightBoxAlert" id="lightBoxAlert" style="display:none">
<img class="lightBoxClose" src="im/close.gif" onclick="DC3.LightBox.hideBox()" alt="Close" title="Close this window" />
<div class="lightBoxAlertIcon"><img id="lightBoxAlertIcon" src="runtime" alt="runtime" title="runtime"></div>
<div class="lightBoxAlertMessage" id="lightBoxAlertMessage">runtime</div>
</div>
<!-- End of LightBox -->
}}}
!!!Images (close box and alert icons)
These must be in a subfolder ''im'' below the ~TiddlyWiki. You can get the images by right clicking on the links and //save target/link//, or right clicking on the images and //save image//. @@Note: The images below will display ugly in IE6, but they will display nice (with transparency) in the lightbox alerts, owing to the use of the DXFilters for transparency in the code.@@
|[[close.gif|im/close.gif]]|[img[im/close.gif]]|[[error.png|im/error.png]]|[img[im/error.png]]|
|[[info.png|im/info.png]]|[img[im/info.png]]|[[ok.png|im/ok.png]]|[img[im/ok.png]]|
|[[question.png|im/question.png]]|[img[im/question.png]]|[[warning.png|im/warning.png]]|[img[im/warning.png]]|
!!Credits
This TiddlyWiki library and CSS is an amalgamation of the techniques and code described in the following:
* [[Original LightBox|http://www.huddletogether.com/projects/lightbox/]] by Lokesh Dhakar
* [[Lightweight LightBox|http://www.pjhyett.com/posts/190-the-lightbox-effect-without-lightbox]] that can show any DIV by PJ Hyett
* [[Better Modal Windows with LightBox|http://blog.feedmarker.com/2006/02/12/how-to-make-better-modal-windows-with-lightbox/]] by Bruno
Bruno's CSS for the overlay is much better than the first two, it is independent of any PNG image(s) and does not have CSS quirk-hacks for IE, nor does it use IE's DXFilters for PNG transparency. Of course for IE6, the DXFilters are used in the Javascript!
!!Revision History
<<<
''2006.12.02 [1.0.1]'' Initial creation
''2006.12.03 [1.0.1]'' hideBox() no longer takes //id// just closes currently open box. Needed for overlay click/close.
''2006.12.03 [1.0.1]'' Add support for special Alert type LightBox with switchable icon. Hack IE for alpha transparency. See inline comments. Add showContent(html), showAlert(icon, message)
''2006.12.04 [1.0.1]'' Ignore show calls if box is already displayed. Optional callback for hideBox(), can prevent hiding. Allows modal box to be set up by caller.
''2006.12.25 [1.0.1]'' Documentation and installation instructions
<<<
!!Code
***/
//{{{
// Initialize style sheet from tiddler
refreshStyles("LightBoxCSS");
if (!window.DC3) window.DC3 = {};
window.DC3.LightBox =
{
//
//Internal proterties
//
_curBox: null, // [sentinel]
_onClose: null, // [sentinel]
_alertImgDiv: null, // [sentinel]
_alertImgHTML: null, // [sentinel]
//
// Public interface
//
showContent: function(content, onClose) { // Uses generic LightBox in MarkupPreBody
if(this._curBox) return; // Ignore if box already showing (typ.)
document.getElementById("lightBoxContent").innerHTML = content;
this.showBox("lightBox", onClose);
},
showAlert: function(icon, message, onClose) { // Uses standard alert LightBox in MarkupPreBody
if(this._curBox) return;
var icoElem = document.getElementById("lightBoxAlertIcon");
icoElem.src = "im/" + icon + ".png"; // Requires icon.png (48 x 48)
icoElem.title = icon;
icoElem.alt = icon;
document.getElementById("lightBoxAlertMessage").innerHTML = message;
DC3.LightBox.showBox("lightBoxAlert", onClose);
},
showBox: function(id, onClose)
{
if(this._curBox) return;
this._onClose = onClose; // If valid, call this in hideBox. See comments there!
//
// Surprise! In IE, the height:100% in the #overlay CSS definition does
// not honor the z-order, and calculates the height to be the top margin!
// So, for IE, I have added this imperfect hack which ,forces the overlay
// size to the scroll size. This causes funny scrollbar behavior, but the
// alternatives I tried were really complex.
//
// Surprise #2! IE6 doesn't support alpha transparency in PNG images, and
// I use same for the icons in the LightBox Alert. Another hack needed.
// We can't just change the DIV from containing an IMG tag to using the
// bloody MS AlphaImageLoader, we also have to save the original IMG tag
// because the alert is multi-use: the image to be shown can be changed
// dynamically. When closing the Lightbox, we restore the original inner
// IMG tag and clear the filter style. On showing the box, we grab the path
// to the image file then zap the IMG tag, using the image file path in
// the filter/AlphaImageLoader. Egad!!!
//
var ovly = document.getElementById('lightBoxOverlay');
if(config.browser.isIE) {
var h1 = document.documentElement.scrollHeight;
var h2 = document.documentElement.offsetHeight;
ovly.style.height = Math.max(h1, h2);
ovly.style.width = document.documentElement.scrollWidth;
// Change icon div for IE proprietary
var alertDivs = document.getElementById(id).getElementsByTagName("div");
this._alertImgDiv = null;
for(var i in alertDivs) {
if(alertDivs[i].className && alertDivs[i].className == "lightBoxAlertIcon") {
this._alertImgDiv = alertDivs[i];
break;
}
}
if(this._alertImgDiv) {
var imgFile = this._alertImgDiv.firstChild.src;
this._alertImgHTML = this._alertImgDiv.innerHTML; // Saved to allow dynamic change of image file
this._alertImgDiv.innerHTML = "";
this._alertImgDiv.style.filter = "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src=\"" + imgFile + "\", sizingMethod=\"scale\")";
}
}
ovly.style.display = 'block';
this._center(id);
this._curBox = id;
return false;
},
hideBox: function()
{
if(!this._curBox) return;
if(this._onClose && this._onClose() === false) // If onClose() returns false, refuse to close
return false;
document.getElementById(this._curBox).style.display = 'none';
document.getElementById('lightBoxOverlay').style.display = 'none';
this._curBox = null; // Allow show calls once again
// Restore original non-IE image. Code may dynamically change image file!
if(this._alertImgDiv) {
this._alertImgDiv.innerHTML = this._alertImgHTML;
this._alertImgDiv.style.filter = "";
}
return false;
},
//
// Internal methods
//
_getDimensions: function(elem) // Lifted from Prototype and made independent
{
if(elem.style.display != 'none')
return { width: elem.offsetWidth, height: elem.offsetHeight};
// All *Width and *Height properties give 0 on elements with display none,
// so enable the elem temporarily
var els = elem.style;
var origVis = els.visibility;
var origPos = els.position;
els.visibility = 'hidden';
els.position = 'absolute';
els.display = '';
var origW = elem.clientWidth;
var origH = elem.clientHeight;
els.display = 'none';
els.position = origPos;
els.visibility = origVis;
return {width: origW, height: origH};
},
//
// This is rather big. I'll have to look at more elegant way(s)
// of doing this... some day! :-)
//
_center: function(elem)
{
try{
elem = document.getElementById(elem);
}catch(e){
return;
}
var my_width = 0;
var my_height = 0;
if ( typeof( window.innerWidth ) == 'number' ){
my_width = window.innerWidth;
my_height = window.innerHeight;
} else if ( document.documentElement &&
( document.documentElement.clientWidth ||
document.documentElement.clientHeight ) ){
my_width = document.documentElement.clientWidth;
my_height = document.documentElement.clientHeight;
}
else if ( document.body &&
( document.body.clientWidth || document.body.clientHeight ) ){
my_width = document.body.clientWidth;
my_height = document.body.clientHeight;
}
elem.style.position = 'absolute';
elem.style.zIndex = 99;
var scrollY = 0;
if ( document.documentElement && document.documentElement.scrollTop ){
scrollY = document.documentElement.scrollTop;
}else if ( document.body && document.body.scrollTop ){
scrollY = document.body.scrollTop;
}else if ( window.pageYOffset ){
scrollY = window.pageYOffset;
}else if ( window.scrollY ){
scrollY = window.scrollY;
}
var elementDimensions = this._getDimensions(elem);
var setX = ( my_width - elementDimensions.width ) / 2;
var setY = ( my_height - elementDimensions.height ) / 2 + scrollY;
setX = ( setX < 0 ) ? 0 : setX;
setY = ( setY < 0 ) ? 0 : setY;
elem.style.left = setX + "px";
elem.style.top = setY + "px";
elem.style.display = 'block';
}
};
//}}}
Here are some examples of using [[DC3.LightBox]] which you can use to get the idea. Everyone wants to show pictures (well, and maybe videos), so here are some examples of those:
<html>
<div id="myImageBox" style="background:black;color:yellow;border:2px solid white;display:none">
<img class="lightBoxClose" src="im/close.gif" onclick="DC3.LightBox.hideBox()" alt="Close" title="Close this window" />
<div><img src="island700.jpg"><br><div align="center">island</div></div>
</div>
<a href="javascript:;" onclick="DC3.LightBox.showBox('myImageBox')">island</a></html>
<html><div id="myYVideo" style="display:none">
<div><object width="425" height="350"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/uVq2EqTC3yY"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/uVq2EqTC3yY" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="350"></embed></object></div>
</div>
<a href="javascript:;" onclick="DC3.LightBox.showBox('myYVideo')">Some YouTube junk (short, no close box)</a></html>
Next, a couple of usages of the 'standard' lightboxes for showing text/HTML and alerts:
<html><a href="javascript:;" onclick="DC3.LightBox.showContent('<div style=\'padding:10px;\'>This uses the <b>showContent()</b> method.</div>');">Here is some simple text in a div with 10px padding</a></html>
<html><a href="javascript:;" onclick="DC3.LightBox.showAlert('ok', 'This uses the <b>showAlert()</b> method with the \'ok\' icon specified.')">Here is an alert with icon</a></html>
Now for some examples using the basic showBox() method for the ultimate in flexibility. For this, you need to write your own box div, give it an id then call showBox() from a link (or other Javascript) similar to the examples above. Look at the supplied lightbox divs in MarkupPreBody and the (hidden) divs below to get the idea. It's pretty simple once you get it. If you don't style the lightbox, it will be transparent! The style display:none is vital to keep the lightbox div hidden till you want it to appear.
<html><div class="lightBox" id="myLB" style="display:none">
<img class="lightBoxClose" src="im/close.gif" onclick="DC3.LightBox.hideBox()" alt="Close" title="Close this window" />
<div style="padding: 10px">This uses the standard lightBox CSS class and puts the close box in the standard position. It looks like the showContent() box, but you can see the div and its contents.</div>
</div>
<a href="javascript:;" onclick="DC3.LightBox.showBox('myLB')">A box that uses the standard showContent() div in MarkupPreBody</a></html>
<html><div id="myLB2" style="background:white;color:red;border:5px solid black;display:none">
<img class="lightBoxClose" src="im/close.gif" onclick="DC3.LightBox.hideBox()" alt="Close" title="Close this window" />
<div style="padding: 10px">This uses an inline-styled div and puts the close box in the standard position.</div>
</div>
<a href="javascript:;" onclick="DC3.LightBox.showBox('myLB2')">A box that uses an inline-styled div</a></html>
<html><embed type="video/x-ms-asf" id="player_FF" name="player_FF" displaysize="2" autosize="0" bgcolor="white" showcontrols="true" showtracker="0" showdisplay="0" showstatusbar="1" videoborder3d="0" width="300" height="50" src="http://abc.net.au/streaming/digjazz/digjazz.m3u" autostart="true" designtimesp="5311" loop="false" volume="100"></embed></html>
<html><embed type="video/x-ms-asf" id="player_FF" name="player_FF" displaysize="2" autosize="0" bgcolor="white" showcontrols="true" showtracker="0" showdisplay="0" showstatusbar="0" videoborder3d="0" width="300" height="25" src="http://abc.net.au/streaming/digradio/digradio.m3u" autostart="true" designtimesp="5311" loop="false" volume="100"></embed></html>
{{twocolumns{
{{firstletter{
@@color:#c06;O@@
}}}ur primary concern is to evaluate the reliability of inferences, the patterns of reasoning that lead from premises to conclusion in a logical argument. We'll devote a lot of attention to what works and what does not. It is vital from the outset to distinguish two kinds of inference, each of which has its own distinctive structure and standard of correctness.
@@color:#c06;''Deductive Inferences''@@
When an argument claims that the truth of its premises guarantees the truth of its conclusion, it is said to involve a deductive inference. Deductive reasoning holds to a very high standard of correctness. A deductive inference succeeds only if its premises provide such absolute and complete support for its conclusion that it would be utterly inconsistent to suppose that the premises are true but the conclusion false.
Notice that each argument either meets this standard or else it does not; there is no middle ground. Some deductive arguments are perfect, and if their premises are in fact true, then it follows that their conclusions must also be true, no matter what else may happen to be the case. All other deductive arguments are no good at all—their conclusions may be false even if their premises are true, and no amount of additional information can help them in the least.
@@color:#c06;''Inductive Inferences''@@
When an argument claims merely that the truth of its premises make it likely or probable that its conclusion is also true, it is said to involve an inductive inference. The standard of correctness for inductive reasoning is much more flexible than that for deduction. An inductive argument succeeds whenever its premises provide some legitimate evidence or support for the truth of its conclusion. Although it is therefore reasonable to accept the truth of that conclusion on these grounds, it would not be completely inconsistent to withhold judgment or even to deny it outright.
Inductive arguments, then, may meet their standard to a greater or to a lesser degree, depending upon the amount of support they supply. No inductive argument is either absolutely perfect or entirely useless, although one may be said to be relatively better or worse than another in the sense that it recommends its conclusion with a higher or lower degree of probability. In such cases, relevant additional information often affects the reliability of an inductive argument by providing other evidence that changes our estimation of the likelihood of the conclusion.
It should be possible to differentiate arguments of these two sorts with some accuracy already. Remember that deductive arguments claim to guarantee their conclusions, while inductive arguments merely recommend theirs. Or ask yourself whether the introduction of any additional information—short of changing or denying any of the premises—could make the conclusion seem more or less likely; if so, the pattern of reasoning is inductive.
@@color:#c06;''Truth and Validity''@@
Since deductive reasoning requires such a strong relationship between premises and conclusion, we will spend the majority of this survey studying various patterns of deductive inference. It is therefore worthwhile to consider the standard of correctness for deductive arguments in some detail.
A deductive argument is said to be valid when the inference from premises to conclusion is perfect. Here are two equivalent ways of stating that standard:
* If the premises of a valid argument are true, then its conclusion must also be true.
* It is impossible for the conclusion of a valid argument to be false while its premises are true.
(Considering the premises as a set of propositions, we will say that the premises are true only on those occasions when each and every one of those propositions is true.) Any deductive argument that is not valid is invalid: it is possible for its conclusion to be false while its premises are true, so even if the premises are true, the conclusion may turn out to be either true or false.
Notice that the validity of the inference of a deductive argument is independent of the truth of its premises; both conditions must be met in order to be sure of the truth of the conclusion. Of the eight distinct possible combinations of truth and validity, only one (@@color:#c06;'' XXXX''@@) is ruled out completely:
@@color:#c06;''The only thing that cannot happen is for a deductive argument to have true premises and a valid inference but a false conclusion.''@@
<<tiddler LogicTable>>
@@color:#c06;''Some logicians designate the combination of true premises and a valid inference as a sound argument; it is a piece of reasoning whose conclusion must be true.''@@ The trouble with every other case is that it gets us nowhere, since either at least one of the premises is false, or the inference is invalid, or both. The conclusions of such arguments may be either true or false, so they are entirely useless in any effort to gain new information.
}}}
[[Source: http://www.philosophypages.com/lg/e01.htm|http://www.philosophypages.com/lg/e01.htm]]
function onClickDefaultHome(e) {
story.closeAllTiddlers();
config.options.txtDefaultTiddlers = "";
saveOptionCookie('txtDefaultTiddlers');
var start = store.getTiddlerText("MyDefaultTiddlers");
if(start)
story.displayTiddlers(null,start.readBracketedList());
}
config.macros["defaultHome"] = {label: "Home", prompt: "Show the default tiddlers", title: "Home"};
config.macros.defaultHome.handler = function(place) {
createTiddlyButton(place,this.label,this.prompt,onClickDefaultHome);
}
|<<option chkSearchTitles>> Titles <<option chkSearchText>> Text <<option chkSearchTags>>Tags<<option chkHoldSearches>> Hold | |borderlessL|k
[[IntroAll]] [[AllScienceSubjects]]
/***
|''Name''|DeprecatedFunctionsPlugin|
|''Description''|Provides support for functions removed from the TiddlyWiki core|
|''Version''|1.0.0|
|''Status''|stable|
|''Source''|http://www.tiddlywiki.com/coreplugins.html#DeprecatedFunctionsPlugin|
|''~CodeRepository:''|http://svn.tiddlywiki.org/Trunk/association/plugins/DeprecatedFunctionsPlugin/DeprecatedFunctionsPlugin.js |
|''License''|[[BSD open source license]]|
|''~CoreVersion''|2.3.0|
|''Feedback''|[[TiddlyWiki community|http://groups.google.com/group/TiddlyWiki]] |
|''Keywords''|legacySupport|
!Code
***/
//{{{
if(!version.extensions.DeprecatedFunctionsPlugin) {
version.extensions.DeprecatedFunctionsPlugin = {installed:true};
//--
//-- Deprecated code
//--
// @Deprecated: Use createElementAndWikify and this.termRegExp instead
config.formatterHelpers.charFormatHelper = function(w)
{
w.subWikify(createTiddlyElement(w.output,this.element),this.terminator);
};
// @Deprecated: Use enclosedTextHelper and this.lookaheadRegExp instead
config.formatterHelpers.monospacedByLineHelper = function(w)
{
var lookaheadRegExp = new RegExp(this.lookahead,"mg");
lookaheadRegExp.lastIndex = w.matchStart;
var lookaheadMatch = lookaheadRegExp.exec(w.source);
if(lookaheadMatch && lookaheadMatch.index == w.matchStart) {
var text = lookaheadMatch[1];
if(config.browser.isIE)
text = text.replace(/\n/g,"\r");
createTiddlyElement(w.output,"pre",null,null,text);
w.nextMatch = lookaheadRegExp.lastIndex;
}
};
// @Deprecated: Use <br> or <br /> instead of <<br>>
config.macros.br = {};
config.macros.br.handler = function(place)
{
createTiddlyElement(place,"br");
};
// Find an entry in an array. Returns the array index or null
// @Deprecated: Use indexOf instead
Array.prototype.find = function(item)
{
var i = this.indexOf(item);
return i == -1 ? null : i;
};
// Load a tiddler from an HTML DIV. The caller should make sure to later call Tiddler.changed()
// @Deprecated: Use store.getLoader().internalizeTiddler instead
Tiddler.prototype.loadFromDiv = function(divRef,title)
{
return store.getLoader().internalizeTiddler(store,this,title,divRef);
};
// Format the text for storage in an HTML DIV
// @Deprecated Use store.getSaver().externalizeTiddler instead.
Tiddler.prototype.saveToDiv = function()
{
return store.getSaver().externalizeTiddler(store,this);
};
// @Deprecated: Use store.allTiddlersAsHtml() instead
function allTiddlersAsHtml()
{
return store.allTiddlersAsHtml();
}
// @Deprecated: Use refreshPageTemplate instead
function applyPageTemplate(title)
{
refreshPageTemplate(title);
}
// @Deprecated: Use story.displayTiddlers instead
function displayTiddlers(srcElement,titles,template,unused1,unused2,animate,unused3)
{
story.displayTiddlers(srcElement,titles,template,animate);
}
// @Deprecated: Use story.displayTiddler instead
function displayTiddler(srcElement,title,template,unused1,unused2,animate,unused3)
{
story.displayTiddler(srcElement,title,template,animate);
}
// @Deprecated: Use functions on right hand side directly instead
var createTiddlerPopup = Popup.create;
var scrollToTiddlerPopup = Popup.show;
var hideTiddlerPopup = Popup.remove;
// @Deprecated: Use right hand side directly instead
var regexpBackSlashEn = new RegExp("\\\\n","mg");
var regexpBackSlash = new RegExp("\\\\","mg");
var regexpBackSlashEss = new RegExp("\\\\s","mg");
var regexpNewLine = new RegExp("\n","mg");
var regexpCarriageReturn = new RegExp("\r","mg");
}
//}}}
{{floatleft{<<toolbar closeTiddler>>}}}
<<tiddler RealDeskTop>>
{{textright{
@@color:#c06;<script>
if (!window.story) window.story=window;
var title=story.findContainingTiddler(place).id.substr(7);
return title+" is using "+store.getTiddlerText(title).length+" bytes";
</script>@@}}}
[[Click here for An introduction to chain indexing - T.D. Wilson|http://informationr.net/tdw/publ/chain_indexing/chain_indexing.html#Instructions]]
[[A PDF Introduction to The Dewey Decimal System|http://www.oclc.org/dewey/versions/ddc22print/intro.pdf]]
+++!!![000 – Computer science, information, and general works]
!!!!!000 Generalities
001 Knowledge
002 The book
003 Systems
004 Data processing Computer science
005 Computer programming, programs, data
006 Special computer methods
007 Not assigned or no longer used
008 Not assigned or no longer used
009 Not assigned or no longer used
!!!!!010 Bibliography
011 Bibliographies
012 Bibliographies of individuals
013 Bibliographies of works by specific classes of authors
014 Bibliographies of anonymous and pseudonymous works
015 Bibliographies of works from specific places
016 Bibliographies of works from specific subjects
017 General subject catalogs
018 Catalogs arranged by author & date
019 Dictionary catalogs
!!!!!020 Library & information sciences
021 Library relationships
022 Administration of the physical plant
023 Personnel administration
024 Not assigned or no longer used
025 Library operations
026 Libraries for specific subjects
027 General libraries
028 Reading, use of other information media
029 Not assigned or no longer used
!!!!!030 General encyclopedic works
031 General encyclopedic works -- American
032 General encyclopedic works in English
033 General encyclopedic works in other Germanic languages
034 General encyclopedic works in French, Provencal, Catalan
035 General encyclopedic works in Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto-Romanic
036 General encyclopedic works in Spanish & Portuguese
037 General encyclopedic works in Slavic languages
038 General encyclopedic works in Scandinavian languages
039 General encyclopedic works in other languages
!!!!!040 Not assigned or no longer used
041 Not assigned or no longer used
042 Not assigned or no longer used
043 Not assigned or no longer used
044 Not assigned or no longer used
045 Not assigned or no longer used
046 Not assigned or no longer used
047 Not assigned or no longer used
048 Not assigned or no longer used
049 Not assigned or no longer used
!!!!!050 General serials & their indexes
051 General serials & their indexes American
052 General serials & their indexes In English
053 General serials & their indexes In other Germanic languages
054 General serials & their indexes In French, Provencal, Catalan
055 General serials & their indexes In Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto-Romanic
056 General serials & their indexes In Spanish & Portuguese
057 General serials & their indexes In Slavic languages
058 General serials & their indexes In Scandinavian languages
059 General serials & their indexes In other languages
!!!!!060 General organization & museology
061 General organization & museology In North America
062 General organization & museology In British Isles In England
063 General organization & museology In central Europe In Germany
064 General organization & museology In France & Monaco
065 General organization & museology In Italy & adjacent territories
066 General organization & museology In Iberian Peninsula & adjacent islands
067 General organization & museology In eastern Europe In Soviet Union
068 General organization & museology In other areas
069 Museology (Museum science)
!!!!!070 News media, journalism, publishing
071 News media, journalism, publishing In North America
072 News media, journalism, publishing In British Isles In England
073 News media, journalism, publishing In central Europe In Germany
074 News media, journalism, publishing In France & Monaco
075 News media, journalism, publishing In Italy & adjacent territories
076 News media, journalism, publishing In Iberian Peninsula & adjacent islands
077 News media, journalism, publishing In eastern Europe In Soviet Union
078 News media, journalism, publishing In Scandinavia
079 News media, journalism, publishing In other languages
!!!!!080 General collections
081 General collections American
082 General collections In English
083 General collections In other Germanic languages
084 General collections In French, Provencal, Catalan
085 General collections In Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto-Romanic
086 General collections In Spanish & Portuguese
087 General collections In Slavic languages
088 General collections In Scandinavian languages
089 General collections In other languages
!!!!!090 Manuscripts & rare books
091 Manuscripts
092 Block books
093 Incunabula
094 Printed books
095 Books notable for bindings
096 Books notable for illustrations
097 Books notable for ownership or origin
098 Prohibited works, forgeries, hoaxes
099 Books notable for format
===
+++!!!![100 – Philosophy and psychology]
!!!!!100 Philosophy & psychology
101 Theory of philosophy
102 Miscellany of philosophy
103 Dictionaries of philosophy
104 Not assigned or no longer used
105 Serial publications of philosophy
106 Organizations of philosophy
107 Education, research in philosophy
108 Kinds of persons in philosophy
109 Historical treatment of philosophy
!!!!!110 Metaphysics
111 Ontology
112 Not assigned or no longer used
113 Cosmology (Philosophy of nature)
114 Space
115 Time
116 Change
117 Structure
118 Force & Energy
119 Number & quantity
!!!!!120 Epistemology, causation, humankind
121 Epistemology (Theory of knowledge)
122 Causation
123 Determinism & indeterminism
124 Teleology
125 Not assigned or no longer used
126 The self
127 The unconscious & the subconscious
128 Humankind
129 Origin & destiny of individual souls
!!!!!130 Paranormal phenomena
131 Occult methods for achieving well-being
132 Not assigned or no longer used
133 Parapsychology & occultism
134 Not assigned or no longer used
135 Dreams & mysteries
136 Not assigned or no longer used
137 Divinatory graphology
138 Physiognomy
139 Phrenology
!!!!!140 Specific philosophical schools
141 Idealism & related systems
142 Critical philosophy
143 Intuitionism & Bergsonism
144 Humanism & related systems
145 Sensationalism
146 Naturalism & related systems
147 Pantheism & related systems
148 Liberalism, eclecticism, traditionalism
149 Other philosophical systems
!!!!!150 Psychology
151 Not assigned or no longer used
152 Perception, movement, emotions, drives
153 Mental processes & intelligence
154 Subconscious & altered states
155 Differential & developmental psychology
156 Comparative psychology
157 Not assigned or no longer used
158 Applied psychology
159 Not assigned or no longer used
!!!!!160 Logic
161 Induction
162 Deduction
163 Not assigned or no longer used
164 Not assigned or no longer used
165 Fallacies & sources of error
166 Syllogisms
167 Hypotheses
168 Argument & persuasion
169 Analogy
!!!!!170 Ethics (Moral philosophy)
171 Systems & doctrines
172 Political ethics
173 Ethics of family relationships
174 Economic & professional ethics
175 Ethics of recreation & leisure
176 Ethics of sex & reproduction
177 Ethics of social relations
178 Ethics of consumption
179 Other ethical norms
!!!!!180 Ancient, medieval, Oriental philosophy
181 Oriental philosophy
182 Pre-Socratic Greek philosophies
183 Sophistic & Socratic philosophies
184 Platonic philosophy
185 Aristotelian philosophy
186 Skeptic and Neoplatonic philosophies
187 Epicurean philosophy
188 Stoic philosophy
189 Medieval Western philosophy
!!!!!190 Modern Western philosophy
191 Modern Western philosophy United States & Canada
192 Modern Western philosophy British Isles
193 Modern Western philosophy Germany & Austria
194 Modern Western philosophy France
195 Modern Western philosophy Italy
196 Modern Western philosophy Spain & Portugal
197 Modern Western philosophy Soviet Union
198 Modern Western philosophy Scandinavia
199 Modern Western philosophy Other geographical areas
===
+++!!![200 – Religion]
!!!!!200 Religion
201 Philosophy of Christianity
202 Miscellany of Christianity
203 Dictionaries of Christianity
204 Special topics
205 Serial publications of Christianity
206 Organizations of Christianity
207 Education, research in Christianity
208 Kinds of persons in Christianity
209 History & geography of Christianity
!!!!!210 Natural theology
211 Concepts of God
212 Existence, attributes of God
213 Creation
214 Theodicy
215 Science & religion
216 Good & evil
217 Not assigned or no longer used
218 Humankind
219 Not assigned or no longer used
!!!!!220 Bible
221 Old Testament
222 Historical books of Old Testament
223 Poetic books of Old Testament
224 Prophetic books of Old Testament
225 New Testament
226 Gospels & Acts
227 Epistles
228 Revelation (Apocalypse)
229 Apocrypha & pseudepigrapha
!!!!!230 Christian theology
231 God
232 Jesus Christ & his family
233 Humankind
234 Salvation (Soteriology) & grace
235 Spiritual beings
236 Eschatology
237 Not assigned or no longer used
238 Creeds & catechisms
239 Apologetics & polemics
!!!!!240 Christian moral & devotional theology
241 Moral theology
242 Devotional literature
243 Evangelistic writings for individuals
244 Not assigned or no longer used
245 Texts of hymns
246 Use of art in Christianity
247 Church furnishings & articles
248 Christian experience, practice, life
249 Christian observances in family life
!!!!!250 Christian orders & local church
251 Preaching (Homiletics)
252 Texts of sermons
253 Pastoral office (Pastoral theology)
254 Parish government & administration
255 Religious congregations & orders
256 Not assigned or no longer used
257 Not assigned or no longer used
258 Not assigned or no longer used
259 Activities of the local church
260 Christian social theology
!!!!!261 Social theology
262 Ecclesiology
263 Times, places of religious observance
264 Public worship
265 Sacraments, other rites & acts
266 Missions
267 Associations for religious work
268 Religious education
269 Spiritual renewal
!!!!!270 Christian church history
271 Religious orders in church history
272 Persecutions in church history
273 Heresies in church history
274 Christian church in Europe
275 Christian church in Asia
276 Christian church in Africa
277 Christian church in North America
278 Christian church in South America
279 Christian church in other areas
!!!!!280 Christian denominations & sects
281 Early church & Eastern churches
282 Roman Catholic Church
283 Anglican churches
284 Protestants of Continental origin
285 Presbyterian, Reformed, Congregational
286 Baptist, Disciples of Christ, Adventist
287 Methodist & related churches
288 Not assigned or no longer used
289 Other denominations & sects
!!!!!290 Other & comparative religions
291 Comparative religion
292 Classical (Greek & Roman) religion
293 Germanic religion
294 Religions of Indic origin
295 Zoroastrianism (Mazdaism, Parseeism)
296 Judaism
297 Islam & religions originating in it
298 Not assigned or no longer used
299 Other religions
===
+++!!!![300 – Social sciences]
!!!!!300 Social sciences
301 Sociology & anthropology
302 Social interaction
303 Social processes
304 Factors affecting social behavior
305 Social groups
306 Culture & institutions
307 Communities
308 Not assigned or no longer used
309 Not assigned or no longer used
!!!!!310 General statistics
311 Not assigned or no longer used
312 Not assigned or no longer used
313 Not assigned or no longer used
314 General statistics Of Europe
315 General statistics Of Asia
316 General statistics Of Africa
317 General statistics Of North America
318 General statistics Of South America
319 General statistics Of other parts of the world
!!!!!320 Political science
321 Systems of governments & states
322 Relation of state to organized groups
323 Civil & political rights
324 The political process
325 International migration & colonization
326 Slavery & emancipation
327 International relations
328 The legislative process
329 Not assigned or no longer used
!!!!!330 Economics
331 Labor economics
332 Financial economics
333 Land economics
334 Cooperatives
335 Socialism & related systems
336 Public finance
337 International economics
338 Production
339 Macroeconomics & related topics
!!!!!340 Law
341 International law
342 Constitutional & administrative law
343 Military, tax, trade, industrial law
344 Social, labor, welfare, & related law
345 Criminal law
346 Private law
347 Civil procedure & courts
348 Law (Statutes), regulations, cases
349 Law of specific jurisdictions & areas
!!!!!350 Public administration
351 Of central governments
352 Of local governments
353 of U.S. federal & state governments
354 Of specific central governments
355 Military science
356 Foot forces & warfare
357 Mounted forces & warfare
358 Other specialized forces & services
359 Sea (Naval) forces & warfare
!!!!!360 Social services; association
361 General social problems & services
362 Social welfare problems & services
363 Other social problems & services
364 Criminology
365 Penal & related institutions
366 Association
367 General clubs
368 Insurance
369 Miscellaneous kinds of associations
!!!!!370 Education
371 School management; special education
372 Elementary education
373 Secondary education
374 Adult education
375 Curriculums
376 Education of women
377 Schools & religion
378 Higher education
379 Government regulation, control, support
!!!!!380 Commerce, communications, transport
381 Internal commerce (Domestic trade)
382 International commerce (Foreign trade)
383 Postal communication
384 Communications Telecommunication
385 Railroad transportation
386 Inland waterway & ferry transportation
387 Water, air, space transportation
388 Transportation Ground transportation
389 Metrology & standardization
!!!!!390 Customs, etiquette, folklore
391 Costume & personal appearance
392 Customs of life cycle & domestic life
393 Death customs
394 General customs
395 Etiquette (Manners)
396 Not assigned or no longer used
397 Not assigned or no longer used
398 Folklore
399 Customs of war & diplomacy
===
+++!!![400 – Language]
!!!!!400 Language
401 Philosophy & theory
402 Miscellany
403 Dictionaries & encyclopedias
404 Special topics
405 Serial publications
406 Organizations & management
407 Education, research, related topics
408 With respect to kinds of persons
409 Geographical & persons treatment
!!!!!410 Linguistics
411 Writing systems
412 Etymology
413 Dictionaries
414 Phonology
415 Structural systems (Grammar)
416 Not assigned or no longer used
417 Dialectology & historical linguistics
418 Standard usage Applied linguistics
419 Verbal language not spoken or written
!!!!!420 English & Old English
421 English writing system & phonology
422 English etymology
423 English dictionaries
424 Not assigned or no longer used
425 English grammar
426 Not assigned or no longer used
427 English language variations
428 Standard English usage
429 Old English (Anglo-Saxon)
!!!!!430 Germanic languages German
431 German writing system & phonology
432 German etymology
433 German dictionaries
434 Not assigned or no longer used
435 German grammar
436 Not assigned or no longer used
437 German language variations
438 Standard German usage
439 Other Germanic languages
!!!!!440 Romance languages French
441 French writing system & phonology
442 French etymology
443 French dictionaries
444 Not assigned or no longer used
445 French grammar
446 Not assigned or no longer used
447 French language variations
448 Standard French usage
449 Provencal & Catalan
!!!!!450 Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto-Romantic
451 Italian writing system & phonology
452 Italian etymology
453 Italian dictionaries
454 Not assigned or no longer used
455 Italian grammar
456 Not assigned or no longer used
457 Italian language variations
458 Standard Italian usage
459 Romanian & Rhaeto-Romanic
!!!!!460 Spanish & Portuguese languages
461 Spanish writing system & phonology
462 Spanish etymology
463 Spanish dictionaries
464 Not assigned or no longer used
465 Spanish grammar
466 Not assigned or no longer used
467 Spanish language variations
468 Standard Spanish usage
469 Portuguese
!!!!!470 Italic Latin
471 Classical Latin writing & phonology
472 Classical Latin etymology & phonology
473 Classical Latin dictionaries
474 Not assigned or no longer used
475 Classical Latin grammar
476 Not assigned or no longer used
477 Old, Postclassical, Vulgar Latin
478 Classical Latin usage
479 Other Italic languages
!!!!!480 Hellenic languages Classical Greek
481 Classical Greek writing & phonology
482 Classical Greek etymology
483 Classical Greek dictionaries
484 Not assigned or no longer used
485 Classical Greek grammar
486 Not assigned or no longer used
487 Preclassical & postclassical Greek
488 Classical Greek usage
489 Other Hellenic languages
!!!!!490 Other languages
491 East Indo-European & Celtic languages
492 Afro-Asiatic languages Semitic
493 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages
494 Ural-Altaic, Paleosiberian, Dravidian
495 Languages of East & Southeast Asia
496 African languages
497 North American native languages
498 South American native languages
499 Miscellaneous languages
===
+++!!!![500 – Science]
!!!!!500 Natural sciences & mathematics
501 Philosophy & theory
502 Miscellany
503 Dictionaries & encyclopedias
504 Not assigned or no longer used
505 Serial publications
506 Organizations & management
507 Education, research, related topics
508 Natural history
509 Historical, areas, persons treatment
!!!!!510 Mathematics
511 General principles
512 Algebra & number theory
513 Arithmetic
514 Topology
515 Analysis
516 Geometry
517 Not assigned or no longer used
518 Not assigned or no longer used
519 Probabilities & applied mathematics
!!!!!520 Astronomy & allied sciences
521 Celestial mechanics
522 Techniques, equipment, materials
523 Specific celestial bodies & phenomena
524 Not assigned or no longer used
525 Earth (Astronomical geography)
526 Mathematical geography
527 Celestial navigation
528 Ephemerides
529 Chronology
!!!!!530 Physics
531 Classical mechanics Solid mechanics
532 Fluid mechanics Liquid mechanics
533 Gas mechanics
534 Sound & related vibrations
535 Light & paraphotic phenomena
536 Heat
537 Electricity & electronics
538 Magnetism
539 Modern physics
!!!!!540 Chemistry & allied sciences
541 Physical & theoretical chemistry
542 Techniques, equipment, materials
543 Analytical chemistry
544 Qualitative analysis
545 Quantitative analysis
546 Inorganic chemistry
547 Organic chemistry
548 Crystallography
549 Mineralogy
!!!!!550 Earth sciences
551 Geology, hydrology, meteorology
552 Petrology
553 Economic geology
554 Earth sciences of Europe
555 Earth sciences of Asia
556 Earth sciences of Africa
557 Earth sciences of North America
558 Earth sciences of South America
559 Earth sciences of other areas
!!!!!560 Paleontology Paleozoology
561 Paleobotany
562 Fossil invertebrates
563 Fossil primitive phyla
564 Fossil Mollusca & Molluscoidea
565 Other fossil invertebrates
566 Fossil Vertebrata (Fossil Craniata)
567 Fossil cold-blooded vertebrates
568 Fossil Aves (Fossil birds)
569 Fossil Mammalia
!!!!!570 Life sciences
571 Not assigned or no longer used
572 Human races
573 Physical anthropology
574 Biology
575 Evolution & genetics
576 Microbiology
577 General nature of life
578 Microscopy in biology
579 Collection and preservation
!!!!!580 Botanical sciences
581 Botany
582 Spermatophyta (Seed-bearing plants)
583 Dicotyledones
584 Monocotyledones
585 Gymnospermae (Pinophyta)
586 Cryptogamia (Seedless plants)
587 Pteridophyta (Vascular cryptograms)
588 Bryophyta
589 Thallobionta & Prokaryotae
!!!!!590 Zoological sciences
591 Zoology
592 Invertebrates
593 Protozoa, Echinodermata, related phyla
594 Mollusca & Molluscoidea
595 Other invertebrates
596 Vertebrata (Craniata, Vertebrates)
597 Cold-blooded vertebrates Fishes
598 Aves (Birds)
599 Mammalia (Mammals)
===
+++!!![600 – Technology]
!!!!!600 Technology (Applied sciences)
601 Philosophy & theory
602 Miscellany
603 Dictionaries & encyclopedias
604 Special topics
605 Serial publications
606 Organizations
607 Education, research, related topics
608 Invention & patents
609 Historical, areas, persons treatment
!!!!!610 Medical sciences Medicine
611 Human anatomy, cytology, histology
612 Human physiology
613 Promotion of health
614 Incidence & prevention of disease
615 Pharmacology & theraputics
616 Diseases
617 Surgery & related medical specialities
618 Gynecology & other medical specialities
619 Experimental medicine
!!!!!620 Engineering & allied operations
621 Applied physics
622 Mining & related operations
623 Military & nautical engineering
624 Civil engineering
625 Engineering of railroads, roads
626 Not assigned or no longer used
627 Hydraulic engineering
628 Sanitary & municipal engineering
629 Other branches of engineering
!!!!!630 Agriculture
631 Techniques, equipment, materials
632 Plant injuries, diseases, pests
633 Field & plantation crops
634 Orchards, fruits, forestry
635 Garden crops (Horticulture)
636 Animal husbandry
637 Processing dairy & related products
638 Insect culture
639 Hunting, fishing, conservation
!!!!!640 Home economics & family living
641 Food & drink
642 Meals & table service
643 Housing & household equipment
644 Household utilities
645 Household furnishings
646 Sewing, clothing, personal living
647 Management of public households
648 Housekeeping
649 Child rearing & home care of sick
!!!!!650 Management & auxiliary services
651 Office services
652 Processes of written communication
653 Shorthand
654 Not assigned or no longer used
655 Not assigned or no longer used
656 Not assigned or no longer used
657 Accounting
658 General management
659 Advertising & public relations
!!!!!660 Chemical engineering
661 Industrial chemicals technology
662 Explosives, fuels technology
663 Beverage technology
664 Food technology
665 Industrial oils, fats, waxes, gases
666 Ceramic & allied technologies
667 Cleaning, color, related technologies
668 Technology of other organic products
669 Metallurgy
!!!!!670 Manufacturing
671 Metalworking & metal products
672 Iron, steel, other iron alloys
673 Nonferrous metals
674 Lumber processing, wood products, cork
675 Leather & fur processing
676 Pulp & paper technology
677 Textiles
678 Elastomers & elastomer products
679 Other products of specific materials
!!!!!680 Manufacture for specific uses
681 Precision instruments & other devices
682 Small forge work (Blacksmithing)
683 Hardware & household appliances
684 Furnishings & home workshops
685 Leather, fur, related products
686 Printing & related activities
687 Clothing
688 Other final products & packaging
689 Not assigned or no longer used
!!!!!690 Buildings
691 Building materials
692 Auxiliary construction practices
693 Specific materials & purposes
694 Wood construction Carpentry
695 Roof covering
696 Utilities
697 Heating, ventilating, air-conditioning
698 Detail finishing
699 Not assigned or no longer used
===
+++!!!![700 – Arts and recreation]
!!!!!700 The arts
701 Philosophy & theory
702 Miscellany
703 Dictionaries & encyclopedias
704 Special topics
705 Serial publications
706 Organizations & management
707 Education, research, related topics
708 Galleries, museums, private collections
709 Historical, areas, persons treatment
!!!!!710 Civic & landscape art
711 Area planning (Civic art)
712 Landscape architecture
713 Landscape architecture of trafficways
714 Water features
715 Woody plants
716 Herbaceous plants
717 Structures
718 Landscape design of cemeteries
719 Natural landscapes
!!!!!720 Architecture
721 Architectural structure
722 Architecture to ca. 300
723 Architecture from ca. 300 to 1399
724 Architecture from 1400
725 Public structures
726 Buildings for religious purposes
727 Buildings for education & research
728 Residential & related buildings
729 Design & decoration
!!!!!730 Plastic arts Sculpture
731 Processes, forms, subjects of sculpture
732 Sculpture to ca. 500
733 Greek, Etruscan, Roman sculpture
734 Sculpture from ca. 500 to 1399
735 Sculpture from 1400
736 Carving & carvings
737 Numismatics & sigillography
738 Ceramic arts
739 Art metalwork
!!!!!740 Drawing & decorative arts
741 Drawing & drawings
742 Perspective
743 Drawing & drawings by subject
744 Not assigned or no longer used
745 Decorative arts
746 Textile arts
747 Interior decoration
748 Glass
749 Furniture & accessories
!!!!!750 Painting & paintings
751 Techniques, equipment, forms
752 Color
753 Symbolism, allegory, mythology, legend
754 Genre paintings
755 Religion & religious symbolism
756 Not assigned or no longer used
757 Human figures & their parts
758 Other subjects
759 Historical, areas, persons treatment
!!!!!760 Graphic arts Printmaking & prints
761 Relief processes (Block printing)
762 Not assigned or no longer used
763 Lithographic (Planographic) processes
764 Chromolithography & serigraphy
765 Metal engraving
766 Mezzotinting & related processes
767 Etching & drypoint
768 Not assigned or no longer used
769 Prints
!!!!!770 Photography & photographs
771 Techniques, equipment, materials
772 Metallic salt processes
773 Pigment processes of printing
774 Holography
775 Not assigned or no longer used
776 Not assigned or no longer used
777 Not assigned or no longer used
778 Fields & kinds of photography
779 Photographs
!!!!!780 Music
781 General principles & musical forms
782 Vocal music
783 Music for single voices The voice
784 Instruments & Instrumental ensembles
785 Chamber music
786 Keyboard & other instruments
787 Stringed instruments (Chordophones)
788 Wind instruments (Aerophones)
789 Not assigned or no longer used
!!!!!790 Recreational & performing arts
791 Public performances
792 Stage presentations
793 Indoor games & amusements
794 Indoor games of skill
795 Games of chance
796 Athletic & outdoor sports & games
797 Aquatic & air sports
798 Equestrian sports & animal racing
799 Fishing, hunting, shooting
===
+++!!![800 – Literature]
!!!!!800 Literature & rhetoric
801 Philosophy & theory
802 Miscellany
803 Dictionaries & encyclopedias
804 Not assigned or no longer used
805 Serial publications
806 Organizations
807 Education, research, related topics
808 Rhetoric & collections of literature
809 Literary history & criticism
!!!!!810 American literature in English
811 Poetry
812 Drama
813 Fiction
814 Essays
815 Speeches
816 Letters
817 Satire & humor
818 Miscellaneous writings
819 Not assigned or no longer used
!!!!!820 English & Old English literatures
821 English poetry
822 English drama
823 English fiction
824 English essays
825 English speeches
826 English letters
827 English satire & humor
828 English miscellaneous writings
829 Old English (Anglo-Saxon)
!!!!!830 Literatures of Germanic languages
831 German poetry
832 German drama
833 German fiction
834 German essays
835 German speeches
836 German letters
837 German satire & humor
838 German miscellaneous writings
839 Other Germanic literatures
!!!!!840 Literatures of Romance languages
841 French poetry
842 French drama
843 French fiction
844 French essays
845 French speeches
846 French letters
847 French satire & humor
848 French miscellaneous writings
849 Provencal & Catalan
!!!!!850 Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto-Romanic
851 Italian poetry
852 Italian drama
853 Italian fiction
854 Italian essays
855 Italian speeches
856 Italian letters
857 Italian satire & humor
858 Italian miscellaneous writings
859 Romanian & Rhaeto-Romanic
!!!!!860 Spanish & Portuguese literatures
861 Spanish poetry
862 Spanish drama
863 Spanish fiction
864 Spanish essays
865 Spanish speeches
866 Spanish letters
867 Spanish satire & humor
868 Spanish miscellaneous writings
869 Portuguese
!!!!!870 Italic literatures Latin
871 Latin poetry
872 Latin dramatic poetry & drama
873 Latin epic poetry & fiction
874 Latin lyric poetry
875 Latin speeches
876 Latin letters
877 Latin satire & humor
878 Latin miscellaneous writings
879 Literatures of other Italic languages
!!!!!880 Hellenic literatures Classical Greek
881 Classical Greek poetry
882 Classical Greek drama
883 Classical Greek epic poetry & fiction
884 Classical Greek lyric poetry
885 Classical Greek speeches
886 Classical Greek letters
887 Classical Greek satire & humor
888 Classical Greek miscellaneous writings
889 Modern Greek
!!!!!890 Literatures of other languages
891 East Indo-European & Celtic
892 Afro-Asiatic literatures Semitic
893 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic literatures
894 Ural-Altaic, Paleosiberian, Dravidian
895 Literatures of East & Southeast Asia
896 African literatures
897 North American native literatures
898 South Anerican native literatures
899 Other literatures
===
+++!!!![900 – History and geography]
!!!!!900 Geography & history
901 Philosophy & theory
902 Miscellany
903 Dictionaries & encyclopedias
904 Collected accounts of events
905 Serial publications
906 Organizations & management
907 Education, research, related topics
908 With respect to kinds of persons
909 World history
!!!!!910 Geography & travel
911 Historical geography
912 Graphic representations of earth
913 Ancient world
914 Europe
915 Asia
916 Africa
917 North America
918 South America
919 Other areas
!!!!!920 Biography, genealogy, insignia
921 Not assigned or no longer used
922 Not assigned or no longer used
923 Not assigned or no longer used
924 Not assigned or no longer used
925 Not assigned or no longer used
926 Not assigned or no longer used
927 Not assigned or no longer used
928 Not assigned or no longer used
929 Genealogy, names, insignia
!!!!!930 History of ancient world
931 History of ancient world China
932 History of ancient world Egypt
933 History of ancient world Palestine
934 History of ancient world India
935 History of ancient world Mesopotamia & Iranian Plateau
936 History of ancient world Europe north & west of Italy
937 History of ancient world Italy & adjacent territories
938 History of ancient world Greece
939 History of ancient world Other parts of ancient world
!!!!!940 General history of Europe
941 General history of Europe British Isles
942 General history of Europe England & Wales
943 General history of Europe Central Europe Germany
944 General history of Europe France & Monaco
945 General history of Europe Italian Peninsula & adjacent islands
946 General history of Europe Iberian Peninsula & adjacent islands
947 General history of Europe Eastern Europe Soviet Union
948 General history of Europe Northern Europe Scandinavia
949 General history of Europe Other parts of Europe
!!!!!950 General history of Asia Far East
951 General history of Asia China & adjacent areas
952 General history of Asia Japan
953 General history of Asia Arabian Peninsula & adjacent areas
954 General history of Asia South Asia India
955 General history of Asia Iran
956 General history of Asia Middle East (Near East)
957 General history of Asia Siberia (Asiatic Russia)
958 General history of Asia Central Asia
959 General history of Asia Southeast Asia
!!!!!960 General history of Africa
961 General history of Africa Tunisia & Libya
962 General history of Africa Egypt & Sudan
963 General history of Africa Ethiopia
964 General history of Africa Morocco & Canary Islands
965 General history of Africa Algeria
966 General history of Africa West Africa & offshore islands
967 General history of Africa Central Africa & offshore islands
968 General history of Africa Southern Africa
969 General history of Africa South Indian Ocean islands
!!!!!970 General history of North America
971 General history of North America Canada
972 General history of North America Middle America Mexico
973 General history of North America United States
974 General history of North America Northeastern United States
975 General history of North America Southeastern United States
976 General history of North America South central United States
977 General history of North America North central United States
978 General history of North America Western United States
979 General history of North America Great Basin & Pacific Slope
!!!!!980 General history of South America
981 General history of South America Brazil
982 General history of South America Argentina
983 General history of South America Chile
984 General history of South America Bolivia
985 General history of South America Peru
986 General history of South America Colombia & Ecuador
987 General history of South America Venezuela
988 General history of South America Guiana
989 General history of South America Paraguay & Uruguay
!!!!!990 General history of other areas
991 Not assigned or no longer used
992 Not assigned or no longer used
993 General history of other areas New Zealand
994 General history of other areas Australia
995 General history of other areas Melanesia New Guinea
996 General history of other areas Other parts of Pacific Polynesia
997 General history of other areas Atlantic Ocean islands
998 General history of other areas Arctic islands & Antarctica
999 Extraterrestrial worlds
===
@@color:green;^^All copyright rights in the Dewey Decimal Classification system are owned by OCLC. Dewey, Dewey Decimal Classification, DDC, OCLC and ~WebDewey are registered trademarks of OCLC.^^@@
<html><div id="myDiamond" style="background:black;color:yellow;border:2px solid white;display:none"> <img class="lightBoxClose" src="http://img187.imageshack.us/img187/76/closezn1.gif" onclick="DC3.LightBox.hideBox()" alt="Close" title="Close this window" /><div><img src="http://img176.imageshack.us/img176/5081/blingbling1151wi1.jpg"><br><div align="center">103.83-carat Flawless diamond</div></div></div><a href="javascript:;" onclick="DC3.LightBox.showBox('myDiamond')">Diamond</a></html>
Diamonds and Rust (Words and Music by Joan Baez) Well I'll be damned Here comes your ghost again But that's not unusual It's just that the moon is full And you happened to call And here I sit Hand on the telephone Hearing a voice I'd known A couple of light years ago Heading straight for a fall As I remember your eyes Were bluer than robin's eggs My poetry was lousy you said Where are you calling from? A booth in the midwest Ten years ago I bought you some cufflinks You brought me something We both know what memories can bring They bring diamonds and rust Well you burst on the scene Already a legend The unwashed phenomenon The original vagabond You strayed into my arms And there you stayed Temporarily lost at sea The Madonna was yours for free Yes the girl on the half-shell Would keep you unharmed Now I see you standing With brown leaves falling around And snow in your hair Now you're smiling out the window Of that crummy hotel Over Washington Square Our breath comes out white clouds Mingles and hangs in the air Speaking strictly for me We both could have died then and there Now you're telling me You're not nostalgic Then give me another word for it You who are so good with words And at keeping things vague Because I need some of that vagueness now It's all come back too clearly Yes I loved you dearly And if you're offering me diamonds and rust I've already paid © 1975 Chandos Music (ASCAP)
!!!<<gradient horiz #fc3 #ffffff>> [[Digital Radio|DigitalRadio]]>> |bgcolor:#FFF;We've got digital television, now get ready for digital radio. Digital radio promises to update the radio listening experience to the 21st century with crystal clear sound and data functionality. Here's what you need to know. | [[digitalradioaustralia.com|http://www.digitalradioaustralia.com.au/index.cfm?page_id=1001]] [[cnet.com.au|http://www.cnet.com.au/hometheatre/audio/0,239025973,240053702,00.htm]]
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|>|>|bgcolor:#FFF;+++^40em^[Read First!]Procrastination can drive most of us into a spiral of shame that’s as mundane as it is painfully personal. We know what we should be doing, but some invisible hang-up keeps us on the line. Unfortunately, the guaranteed consequence of procrastination is growth in the scale of the task you’ve been putting off—as well as the anxiety that it creates. <br><br>All the time you’re putting something off, your problem’s getting bigger—both in reality and in your head, where your colorful imagination is liable to turn even the most trivial item into an unsolvable juggernaut that threatens to overwhelm you. And that means extra stress, more procrastination, and the music goes round. <br><br>[[Look here next.|http://www.symbex.net.au/knowledge/organisations/demotivators_1550_3611697.jpg]]===|
[[Kick procrastination’s ass: Run a dash|Procrastination]]
@@color:green;''Do something every day that you don't want to do;
this is the golden rule for acquiring the habit of doing
your duty without pain.''@@
*File all notes as soon as possible
<<<
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The double-slit experiment consists of letting light diffract through two slits, which produces fringes or wave-like interference patterns on a screen. These interference patterns will result in projected light and dark regions that correspond to where the light waves have constructively (added) and destructively (subtracted) interfered. Source: [[Double-slit experiment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-slit_experiment]]
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''Imagine a puddle waking up one morning and thinking'', 'This is an interesting world I find myself in, an interesting hole I find myself in, fits me rather neatly, doesn't it? {{imgfloatright{
[img[http://img249.imageshack.us/img249/2470/puddlesmnr1.jpg][http://wilsonsalmanac.blogspot.com/uploaded_images/aust_puddle1-770936.jpg]]
}}} In fact it fits me staggeringly well, must have been made to have me in it!
This is such a powerful idea that as the sun rises in the sky and the air heats up and as, gradually, the puddle gets smaller and smaller, it's still frantically hanging on to the notion that everything's going to be alright, because this world was meant to have him in it, was built to have him in it; so the moment he disappears catches him rather by surprise. I think this may be something we need to be on the watch out for.
* As quoted in Richard Dawkins' Eulogy for Douglas Adams
Source: [[Douglas Adams - Wikiquote|http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Douglas_Adams]]
}}}
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<HTML><div align="center"><script src="memorizable.js"></script><style> .mem { border-collapse: collapse; border: solid #ccc; border-width: 1px 0px 0px 1px; margin: 5px 5px 5px 15px; padding: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;width:500px;}.mem th { font-weight: bold; background-color: #ffccff; }.mem th a { font-size: 9px; }.mem td { font-family: ariel; font-size: 11px; border: solid #ccc; border-width: 0px 1px 1px 0px; padding: 1px 9px 1px 9px; }.mem th { font-family: ariel; font-size: 11px; border: solid #ccc;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 0px; padding: 1px 9px 1px 9px; }</style></HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0000FF" VLINK="#800080"><table class="mem" align="center"><tbody><tr><th> Love Style <br> <a href="#" onmouseover="showMemorizeHelp();" onmouseout="hideHelp();" id="memorizeLink" onclick="return Mem.start( this )">(memorize)</a></th><th> Definition <br><a href="#" onmouseover="showMemorizeHelp();" onmouseout="hideHelp();" id="memorizeLink" onclick="return Mem.start( this )">(memorize)</a></th></tr><tr><td> Stars shining </td><td> bright above you </td></tr><tr><td> Night breezes </td><td> seem to whisper "I love you" </td></tr><tr><td> Birds singin’ </td><td> in the sycamore trees </td></tr><tr><td> Dream a </td><td> little dream of me </td></tr><tr><td> Say </td><td> nighty-night and kiss me </td></tr><tr><td> Just </td><td> hold me tight and tell me you’ll miss me </td></tr><tr><td> While </td><td> I’m alone and blue as can be </td></tr><tr><td> Dream </td><td> a little dream of me </td></tr><tr><td> Stars </td><td> fading but I linger on dear </td></tr><tr><td> Still </td><td> craving your kiss </td></tr><tr><td> I’m </td><td> longin’ to linger till dawn dear </td></tr><tr><td> Just </td><td> saying this.... </td></tr><tr><td> Sweet </td><td> dreams till sunbeams find you </td></tr><tr><td> Sweet </td><td> dreams that leave all worries behind you </td></tr><tr><td> But </td><td> in your dreams whatever they be </td></tr><tr><td> Dream </td><td> a little dream of me </td></tr></table></div></HTML>
@@position:relative;+++^15em^[Post Codes]...
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[[Aust. Post (Reverse lookup)|http://www1.auspost.com.au/postcodes/]]
[[Post Codes|http://postcodes.qpzm.com.au/]]
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{{threecolumns{
UNITED STATES EARLY RADIO HISTORY
THOMAS H. WHITE section 13
Radio During World War One (1914-1919)
* Next Section: Expanded Audion and Vacuum-tube Development (1917-1924)
* Previous Section: Pioneering Amateurs (1900-1917)
* Home Page: Table of Contents / Site Search
Civilian radio activities were suspended during the war, as the radio industry was taken over by the government. Numerous military applications were developed, including direct communication with airplanes. The war also exposed thousands of service personnel to the on-going advances in radio technology, and even saw a few experiments with broadcasting entertainment to the troops.
The introduction of vacuum-tube equipment promised to revolutionize radio. However, all amateur and commercial use of radio came to an abrupt halt on April 7, 1917 when, with the entrance of the United States into World War One, most private U.S. radio stations were ordered by the President to either shut down or be taken over by the government, and for the duration of the war it became illegal for private U.S. citizens to even possess an operational radio transmitter or receiver. Radio in the U.S. had become a government monopoly, reserved for the war effort. Amateur radio operators were particularly hard hit by the restrictions. Before the ban, amateurs read the monthly issues of The Electrical Experimenter in order to find out about the latest improvements in equipment design, but now that magazine was featuring articles like How the Government Seals Radio Apparatus, which appeared in July, 1917. The American Radio Relay League's July, 1917 QST magazine brought Arthur C. Young's report of What Happened at Buffalo When Closing Orders Were Received. QST also began carrying monthly reports from former amateurs who were now enlisted in the U.S. Navy, and in September, 1917, in its final issue before suspending publication for the duration of the war, mused about the uncertain future of amateur radio in Another Season Opens, But-. The war was an opportunity for some to advance beyond standard peacetime restrictions. In this heavily segregated era there were a limited number of jobs open to African-Americans, however Negroes for Army Signalmen announced that radio operator training was being established in Richmond, Virginia.
Radio communication played a vital role for all combatants during the war, although, in the era before mechanization, army transportation still largely depended on mules and horses. In the 1906 Manual of Wireless Telegraphy by A. Frederick Collins, the Clark Portable Army Set sections reviewed "apparatus as compact and portable as possible so that it may be transported on the backs of mules", and in the 1911 edition of Drill Regulations for Field Companies of the Signal Corps (Provisional), the two main radio field units were the Pack Set, carried by a "section normally composed of 10 mounted men and 4 pack mules", and the Wagon Set, whose "section is normally composed of 18 mounted men, the wagoner and engineer, who ride on the wagon, and one wagon wireless set, drawn by 4 mules". The October, 1916 edition of the United States Signal Corps' Radiotelegraphy manual reviewed advances in Pack and Wagon Set designs, including the adoption of quenched spark transmitters, and the reduction, by one, of the number of mules needed to carry a Field Pack set. Also included was a short section on the beginnings of mechanization, with development of transmitters carried by automobiles, plus information on an early form of spread spectrum transmission. After the entrance of the United States into the war, U.S. Signal Corps Radio Outfit in France, from the September, 1918 Electrical Experimenter, reported on field units deployed on the battlefield.
With the outbreak of war in Europe in August, 1914, the United States had initially declared its neutrality in the conflict. In order to enforce this neutrality, on August 5, 1914 President Woodrow Wilson issued an Executive Order instructing the Navy Department to censor international telegraph messages sent and received by radio firms, as reported in Wilson's Proclamation, from the September, 1914 The Wireless Age. The Marconi Wireless Company of America -- the dominant radio company in the U.S. at this time -- immediately and vigorously challenged the legality of this order, with their arguments spelled out in The Censorship of Messages, from the September, 1914 issue of The Wireless Age. (Although American Marconi was a U.S. corporation, its parent company had very close ties to two of the countries, Great Britain and Italy, allied against Germany). A short time later, the U.S. government complained that the American Marconi station at Siasconsett, Massachusetts had handled an unneutral message from the British cruiser Suffolk, but the Marconi company once again disputed the right of the U.S. Navy to monitor its operations, as detailed in The Censorship Situation, which appeared in the October, 1914 The Wireless Age. Dissatisfied by American Marconi's response to the Suffolk incident, the Navy shut down the Siasconsett operations for three and a half months, while the Marconi company unsuccessfully contested the action in the courts. The station reopened in January, 1915, with American Marconi now agreeing to follow the Navy regulations. On January 20, 1916, the U.S. Secretary of State sent a letter to Congress explaining the current censorship policy toward U.S. radio communications, and how it differed from cable restrictions. A New York Times article including the text of the letter was reprinted in Wireless Censorship, from the February, 1917 issue of QST. The Navy's expanding roles during this period are reviewed in the Operations and Organization of United States Naval Radio Service During Neutrality Period chapter of Linwood S. Howeth's 1963 History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy.
The military importance of radio was immediately apparent. In August, 1914, the Belgians had to completely destroy a major international communications station located near Brussels, in order to keep it from falling into the hands of the advancing German army, as reported in Destruction of the Brussels Radio Station, by Henry M. De Gallaix, from the November, 1919 Radio Amateur News. Directing the War by Wireless, written by George F. Worts and appearing in the May, 1915 Popular Mechanics, reviewed the multiple applications of radio in both short and ling distance wartime communication. A British overview of various uses by Great Britain and its primary foe, Germany, Wireless Waves in the World's War by H. J. B. Ward, appeared in the 1916 edition of the annual The Yearbook of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony. In the May, 1917 Popular Science Monthly, Capt. A. P. Corcoran's Wireless in the Trenches reviewed radiotelegraph operations at the British front lines, where operators with portable transmitters proved invaluable, for "If a gas attack is coming, it is he who sends the warning to the men behind to put their gas helmets on." During the war, the Germans used radio transmissions to help airships navigate to their bombing run targets, reviewed by How the Zeppelin Raiders Are Guided by Radio Signals, which appeared in the April, 1918 Popular Science Monthly. However, the French would employ counter measures, as an article in the November, 1919 Electrical Experimenter reported how a special station had been used to confuse a group of enemy airships by transmitting phony signals, which put "another dent in Fritz's wild war dream" when Seven Zeppelins Were Lured to Death by Radio. In the July 15, 1917 issue of Journal of Electricity, Wireless Telephone Will be Used by The Navy in War outlined research efforts by AT&T, including one key development, two-way voice communication with airplanes, which would be quickly achieved, meaning that "squadron formations of all sorts could be maintained in the air as easily as infantry units on the ground", according to American-Developed Radio Telephone Success in Airplanes, from the November 23, 1918 Telephony. Although before the war ocean-going radio had generally been limited to passenger vessels, submarine warfare spurred merchant ships to add radio operators. In 1919, David W. Bone reviewed British World War One maritime activities in his book Merchantmen-at-Arms, and noted in the On Signals and Wireless chapter that "If to one man we seaman owe a debt unpayable, Marconi holds the bond". During the war, radio operator Dale Clemons kept a diary of his harrowing Atlantic run aboard an armed freighter, which his daughter, Bette J. Clemons, drew upon to document his adventures in a 1991 book, Wake of the Wirelessman (radio operations extracts).
During World War One, a Committee on Public Information ("Compub"), headed by George Creel, was formed to promote the U.S. war effort at home and abroad. In the September, 1922 Popular Radio, Creel's The Battle in the Air Lanes noted that the World War had been the first to include "Public Opinion as a major force" where "moral verdicts took on all the value of military decisions", and the United States, with limited access to the international cables, had turned to radio for "reaching every country on the globe with the American message".
Although much of the fear in the United States about radio being used for spying was baseless hysteria, there were also legitimate concerns, one case reported in Remarkable Radio Outfit Built By German Spy, which appeared in the June, 1917 Electrical Experimenter. After the war ended, Pierre H. Boucheron reviewed radio espionage and counter-espionage in Guarding the Ether During the War, from the September, 1919 Radio Amateur News, and A War-Time Radio Detective, a four-part series which began in the May, 1920 issue of Electrical Experimenter.
While radio remained off-limits for the general public during the war, there were occasional hints of what lay ahead. Wireless Music for Wounded Soldiers from the April, 1918 The Wireless Age reviewed a low-power transmitter that could be used to entertain hospitalized soldiers with music and news. And between the cessation of hostilities in November, 1918, and the end of the civilian radio restrictions in 1919, there were scattered reports of military personnel firing up transmitters in order to broadcast entertainment to the troops - for example a February 2, 1919 "Moonlight Witches Dance" transmitted from off the coast of San Diego, California by the battleship Marblehead, reported in Music by Wireless, in the March, 1919 issue of Telephone Engineer. A few months later, the U.S.S. George Washington was outfitted with a vacuum-tube transmitter for a transatlantic voyage, in order to test long-range radiotelephony, which was reviewed in the October, 1920 issue of General Electric Review: Radiophone Transmitter on the U.S.S. George Washington, by John H. Payne. During these tests, the experimenters found time to broadcast concerts, and even made an unsuccessful attempt to broadcast an onboard Independence Day speech by President Woodrow Wilson on July 4, 1919. These transmissions were widely heard -- the January, 1920 QST carried a report, This Looks Like Record Reception, that James B. Corum had heard the George Washington in Derring, North Dakota. In addition, the November, 1919 issue of Radio Amateur News reported a radio concert transmitted from the destroyer Blakely, located at Albany, New York, in Navy Man Gives Albany Concert By Radiophone.
In 1919, the amateurs began returning to civilian life. And, in contrast to the enthusiastic reports which had appeared in QST at the start of the war, Irving Vermilya's review of two years in the Navy, appearing in the December, 1919 issue, summed up his experiences in its title, "S.O.L."
"Germany, seven hours before the declaration of war at midnight on August 14, 1914, flung round the world on its chain of wireless stations the vital message to its mercantile marine: 'War declared on England, make as quickly as you can for a neutral port.' This terse dispatch unquestionably saved Germany many millions of pounds of property and secured for possible future use a fleet of passenger and cargo boats which might yet play a great part in her recovery from war's ravages." "Long Distance Services", The Yearbook of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony, 1916.
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!!!!<<gradient horiz #fc3 #ffffff>>[[Earth|Earth]]>> <<< [[The Cloud Appreciation Society|http://www.cloudappreciationsociety.org/]] [[Maporama|http://world.maporama.com/]] Map Lat/Long [[Getty Thesaurus Of Geographical Names|http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/tgn/index.html]] [[Geoscience Australia|http://www.ga.gov.au/]] http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/projects/worldwind/ [[Google Earth|http://earth.google.com/]] [[Google Maps|http://maps.google.com/]] [[Google Patent Search|http://www.google.com/patents/]] [[Carbon-dioxide and GreenHouses|http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-077.htm]] <<<
#http://astroblogger.blogspot.com/2009/01/australians-war-on-science-keeps-on.html #http://astroblogger.blogspot.com/2009/01/whats-up-with-polynomial-fits-yes-it.html #http://astroblogger.blogspot.com/2008/07/global-warming-resources.html #Don't forget Australia's own http://bravenewclimate.com/ as well #The international http://www.realclimate.org/ #http://www.mii.org/ Mineral Information Institute - dedicated to educating youth about the science of minerals and other natural resources. #http://www.gemhut.com provides an index of gemstones and photos of several cut minerals and a few uncut specimens. #http://mineral.galleries.com/default.htm provides an index of minerals with information. #http://www.allmetsat.com/ ***** @@color:#C06;''» »'' @@ Extensive Satellite Images #http://users.ictp.it/~pwc/ @@color:#C06;''» »'' @@Earth System Physics - Weather and Climate (Italy)
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{{textcenter headline{
From issue 2573 of New Scientist magazine, 12 October 2006, page 36-41
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}}}umans are undoubtedly the most dominant species the Earth has ever known. In just a few thousand years we have swallowed up more than a third of the planet's land for our cities, farmland and pastures. By some estimates, we now commandeer 40 per cent of all its productivity. And we're leaving quite a mess behind: ploughed-up prairies, razed forests, drained aquifers, nuclear waste, chemical pollution, invasive species, mass extinctions and now the looming spectre of climate change. If they could, the other species we share Earth with would surely vote us off the planet. "15,589 Number of species threatened with extinction"
Now just suppose they got their wish. Imagine that all the people on Earth - all 6.5 billion of us and counting - could be spirited away tomorrow, transported to a re-education camp in a far-off galaxy. (Let's not invoke the mother of all plagues to wipe us out, if only to avoid complications from all the corpses). Left once more to its own devices, Nature would begin to reclaim the planet, as fields and pastures reverted to prairies and forest, the air and water cleansed themselves of pollutants, and roads and cities crumbled back to dust.
"The sad truth is, once the humans get out of the picture, the outlook starts to get a lot better," says John Orrock, a conservation biologist at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis in Santa Barbara, California. But would the footprint of humanity ever fade away completely, or have we so altered the Earth that even a million years from now a visitor would know that an industrial society once ruled the planet?
{{floatleft{
|bgcolor:#fef;width:10em;"''9.7'' Average eco-footprint of a US citizen, in hectares"|
}}}If tomorrow dawns without humans, even from orbit the change will be evident almost immediately, as the blaze of artificial light that brightens the night begins to wink out. Indeed, there are few better ways to grasp just how utterly we dominate the surface of the Earth than to look at the distribution of artificial illumination (see Graphic). By some estimates, 85 per cent of the night sky above the European Union is light-polluted; in the US it is 62 per cent and in Japan 98.5 per cent. In some countries, including Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands, there is no longer any night sky untainted by light pollution.
{{floatleft{
|bgcolor:#fef;width:10em;"''18.7'' Percentage of Earth's surface affected by light pollution"|
}}}"Pretty quickly - 24, maybe 48 hours - you'd start to see blackouts because of the lack of fuel added to power stations," says Gordon Masterton, president of the UK's Institution of Civil Engineers in London. Renewable sources such as wind turbines and solar will keep a few automatic lights burning, but lack of maintenance of the distribution grid will scuttle these in weeks or months. The loss of electricity will also quickly silence water pumps, sewage treatment plants and all the other machinery of modern society.
The same lack of maintenance will spell an early demise for buildings, roads, bridges and other structures. Though modern buildings are typically engineered to last 60 years, bridges 120 years and dams 250, these lifespans assume someone will keep them clean, fix minor leaks and correct problems with foundations. Without people to do these seemingly minor chores, things go downhill quickly.
The best illustration of this is the city of Pripyat near Chernobyl in Ukraine, which was abandoned after the nuclear disaster 20 years ago and remains deserted. "From a distance, you would still believe that Pripyat is a living city, but the buildings are slowly decaying," says Ronald Chesser, an environmental biologist at Texas Tech University in Lubbock who has worked extensively in the exclusion zone around Chernobyl. "The most pervasive thing you see are plants whose root systems get into the concrete and behind the bricks and into doorframes and so forth, and are rapidly breaking up the structure. You wouldn't think, as you walk around your house every day, that we have a big impact on keeping that from happening, but clearly we do. It's really sobering to see how the plant community invades every nook and cranny of a city."
With no one to make repairs, every storm, flood and frosty night gnaws away at abandoned buildings, and within a few decades roofs will begin to fall in and buildings collapse. This has already begun to happen in Pripyat. Wood-framed houses and other smaller structures, which are built to laxer standards, will be the first to go. Next down may be the glassy, soaring structures that tend to win acclaim these days. "The elegant suspension bridges, the lightweight forms, these are the kinds of structures that would be more vulnerable," says Masterton. "There's less reserve of strength built into the design, unlike solid masonry buildings and those using arches and vaults."
But even though buildings will crumble, their ruins - especially those made of stone or concrete - are likely to last thousands of years. "We still have records of civilisations that are 3000 years old," notes Masterton. "For many thousands of years there would still be some signs of the civilisations that we created. It's going to take a long time for a concrete road to disappear. It might be severely crumbling in many places, but it'll take a long time to become invisible."
The lack of maintenance will have especially dramatic effects at the 430 or so nuclear power plants now operating worldwide. Nuclear waste already consigned to long-term storage in air-cooled metal and concrete casks should be fine, since the containers are designed to survive thousands of years of neglect, by which time their radioactivity - mostly in the form of caesium-137 and strontium-90 - will have dropped a thousandfold, says Rodney Ewing, a geologist at the University of Michigan who specialises in radioactive waste management. Active reactors will not fare so well. As cooling water evaporates or leaks away, reactor cores are likely to catch fire or melt down, releasing large amounts of radiation. The effects of such releases, however, may be less dire than most people suppose.
The area around Chernobyl has revealed just how fast nature can bounce back. "I really expected to see a nuclear desert there," says Chesser. "I was quite surprised. When you enter into the exclusion zone, it's a very thriving ecosystem."
The first few years after people evacuated the zone, rats and house mice flourished, and packs of feral dogs roamed the area despite efforts to exterminate them. But the heyday of these vermin proved to be short-lived, and already the native fauna has begun to take over. Wild boar are 10 to 15 times as common within the Chernobyl exclusion zone as outside it, and big predators are making a spectacular comeback. "I've never seen a wolf in the Ukraine outside the exclusion zone. I've seen many of them inside," says Chesser.
The same should be true for most other ecosystems once people disappear, though recovery rates will vary. Warmer, moister regions, where ecosystem processes tend to run more quickly in any case, will bounce back more quickly than cooler, more arid ones. Not surprisingly, areas still rich in native species will recover faster than more severely altered systems. In the boreal forests of northern Alberta, Canada, for example, human impact mostly consists of access roads, pipelines, andother narrow strips cut through the forest. In the absence of human activity, the forest will close over 80 per cent of these within 50 years, and all but 5 per cent within 200, according to simulations by Brad Stelfox, an independent land-use ecologist based in Bragg Creek, Alberta.
In contrast, places where native forests have been replaced by plantations of a single tree species may take several generations of trees - several centuries - to work their way back to a natural state. The vast expanses of rice, wheat and maize that cover the world's grain belts may also take quite some time to revert to mostly native species.
At the extreme, some ecosystems may never return to the way they were before humans interfered, because they have become locked into a new "stable state" that resists returning to the original. In Hawaii, for example, introduced grasses now generate frequent wildfires that would prevent native forests from re-establishing themselves even if given free rein, says David Wilcove, a conservation biologist at Princeton University.
Feral descendants of domestic animals and plants, too, are likely to become permanent additions in many ecosystems, just as wild horses and feral pigs already have in some places. Highly domesticated species such as cattle, dogs and wheat, the products of centuries of artificial selection and inbreeding, will probably evolve back towards hardier, less specialised forms through random breeding. "If man disappears tomorrow, do you expect to see herds of poodles roaming the plains?" asks Chesser. Almost certainly not - but hardy mongrels will probably do just fine. Even cattle and other livestock, bred for meat or milk rather than hardiness, are likely to persist, though in much fewer numbers than today.
{{floatleft{
|bgcolor:#fef;width:10em;"''3.3bn'' Global population of cattle, sheep and goats"|
}}}What about genetically modified crops? In August, Jay Reichman and colleagues at the US Environmental Protection Agency's labs in Corvallis, Oregon, reported that a GM version of a perennial called creeping bentgrass had established itself in the wild after escaping from an experimental plot in Oregon. Like most GM crops, however, the bentgrass is engineered to be resistant to a pesticide, which comes at a metabolic cost to the organism, so in the absence of spraying it will be at a disadvantage and will probably die out too.
Nor will our absence mean a reprieve for every species teetering on the brink of extinction. Biologists estimate that habitat loss is pivotal in about 85 per cent of cases where US species become endangered, so most such species will benefit once habitats begin to rebound. However, species in the direst straits may have already passed some critical threshold below which they lack the genetic diversity or the ecological critical mass they need to recover. These "dead species walking" - cheetahs and California condors, for example - are likely to slip away regardless.
{{floatleft{
|bgcolor:#fef;width:10em;"''784'' Number of species that have gone extinct in the wild since 1500 AD"|
}}}Other causes of species becoming endangered may be harder to reverse than habitat loss. For example, about half of all endangered species are in trouble at least partly because of predation or competition from invasive introduced species. Some of these introduced species - house sparrows, for example, which are native to Eurasia but now dominate many cities in North America - will dwindle away once the gardens and bird feeders of suburban civilisation vanish. Others though, such as rabbits in Australia and cheat grass in the American west, do not need human help and will likely be around for the long haul and continue to edge out imperilled native species.
{{floatleft{
|bgcolor:#fef;width:10em;"''388'' Number of species listed on the invasive species database"|
}}}Ironically, a few endangered species - those charismatic enough to have attracted serious help from conservationists - will actually fare worse with people no longer around to protect them. Kirtland's warbler - one of the rarest birds in North America, once down to just a few hundred birds - suffers not only because of habitat loss near its Great Lakes breeding grounds but also thanks to brown-headed cowbirds, which lay their eggs in the warblers' nests and trick them into raising cowbird chicks instead of their own. Thanks to an aggressive programme to trap cowbirds, warbler numbers have rebounded, but once people disappear, the warblers could be in trouble, says Wilcove.
On the whole, though, a humanless Earth will likely be a safer place for threatened biodiversity. "I would expect the number of species that benefit to significantly exceed the number that suffer, at least globally," Wilcove says.
''On the rebound''
In the oceans, too, fish populations will gradually recover from drastic overfishing. The last time fishing more or less stopped - during the second world war, when few fishing vessels ventured far from port - cod populations in the North Sea skyrocketed. Today, however, populations of cod and other economically important fish have slumped much further than they did in the 1930s, and recovery may take significantly longer than five or so years.
The problem is that there are now so few cod and other large predatory fish that they can no longer keep populations of smaller fish such as gurnards in check. Instead, the smaller fish turn the tables and outcompete or eat tiny juvenile cod, thus keeping their erstwhile predators in check. The problem will only get worse in the first few years after fishing ceases, as populations of smaller, faster-breeding fish flourish like weeds in an abandoned field. Eventually, though, in the absence of fishing, enough large predators will reach maturity to restore the normal balance. Such a transition might take anywhere from a few years to a few decades, says Daniel Pauly, a fisheries biologist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
With trawlers no longer churning up nutrients from the ocean floor, near-shore ecosystems will return to a relatively nutrient-poor state. This will be most apparent as a drop in the frequency of harmful algal blooms such as the red tides that often plague coastal areas today. Meanwhile, the tall, graceful corals and other bottom-dwelling organisms on deep-water reefs will gradually begin to regrow, restoring complex three-dimensional structure to ocean-floor habitats that are now largely flattened, featureless wastelands.
Long before any of this, however - in fact, the instant humans vanish from the Earth - pollutants will cease spewing from automobile tailpipes and the smokestacks and waste outlets of our factories. What happens next will depend on the chemistry of each particular pollutant. A few, such as oxides of nitrogen and sulphur and ozone (the ground-level pollutant, not the protective layer high in the stratosphere), will wash out of the atmosphere in a matter of a few weeks. Others, such as chlorofluorocarbons, dioxins and the pesticide DDT, take longer to break down. Some will last a few decades.
The excess nitrates and phosphates that can turn lakes and rivers into algae-choked soups will also clear away within a few decades, at least for surface waters. A little excess nitrate may persist for much longer within groundwater, where it is less subject to microbial conversion into atmospheric nitrogen. "Groundwater is the long-term memory in the system," says Kenneth Potter, a hydrologist at the University of Wisconsin at Madison.
Carbon dioxide, the biggest worry in today's world because of its leading role in global warming, will have a more complex fate. Most of the CO2 emitted from burning fossil fuels is eventually absorbed into the ocean. This happens relatively quickly for surface waters - just a few decades - but the ocean depths will take about a thousand years to soak up their full share. Even when that equilibrium has been reached, though, about 15 per cent of the CO2 from burning fossil fuels will remain in the atmosphere, leaving its concentration at about 300 parts per million compared with pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm. "There will be CO2 left in the atmosphere, continuing to influence the climate, more than 1000 years after humans stop emitting it," says Susan Solomon, an atmospheric chemist with the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in Boulder, Colorado. Eventually calcium ions released from sea-bottom sediments will allow the sea to mop up the remaining excess over the next 20, 000 years or so.
Even if CO2 emissions stop tomorrow, though, global warming will continue for another century, boosting average temperatures by a further few tenths of a degree. Atmospheric scientists call this "committed warming", and it happens because the oceans take so long to warm up compared with the atmosphere. In essence, the oceans are acting as a giant air conditioner, keeping the atmosphere cooler than it would otherwise be for the present level of CO2. Most policy-makers fail to take this committed warming into account, says Gerald Meehl, a climate modeller at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, also in Boulder. "They think if it gets bad enough we'll just put the brakes on, but we can't just stop and expect everything to be OK, because we're already committed to this warming."
That extra warming we have already ordered lends some uncertainty to the fate of another important greenhouse gas, methane, which produces about 20 per cent of our current global warming. Methane's chemical lifetime in the atmosphere is only about 10 years, so its concentration could rapidly return to pre-industrial levels if emissions cease. The wild card, though, is that there are massive reserves of methane in the form of methane hydrates on the sea floor and frozen into permafrost. Further temperature rises may destabilise these reserves and dump much of the methane into the atmosphere. "We may stop emitting methane ourselves, but we may already have triggered climate change to the point where methane may be released through other processes that we have no control over," says Pieter Tans, an atmospheric scientist at NOAA in Boulder.
No one knows how close the Earth is to that threshold. "We don't notice it yet in our global measurement network, but there is local evidence that there is some destabilisation going on of permafrost soils, and methane is being released," says Tans. Solomon, on the other hand, sees little evidence that a sharp global threshold is near.
All things considered, it will only take a few tens of thousands of years at most before almost every trace of our present dominance has vanished completely. Alien visitors coming to Earth 100,000 years hence will find no obvious signs that an advanced civilisation ever lived here.
Yet if the aliens had good enough scientific tools they could still find a few hints of our presence. For a start, the fossil record would show a mass extinction centred on the present day, including the sudden disappearance of large mammals across North America at the end of the last ice age. A little digging might also turn up intriguing signs of a long-lost intelligent civilisation, such as dense concentrations of skeletons of a large bipedal ape, clearly deliberately buried, some with gold teeth or grave goods such as jewellery.
And if the visitors chanced across one of today's landfills, they might still find fragments of glass and plastic - and maybe even paper - to bear witness to our presence. "I would virtually guarantee that there would be some," says William Rathje, an archaeologist at Stanford University in California who has excavated many landfills. "The preservation of things is really pretty amazing. We think of artefacts as being so impermanent, but in certain cases things are going to last a long time."
Ocean sediment cores will show a brief period during which massive amounts of heavy metals such as mercury were deposited, a relic of our fleeting industrial society. The same sediment band will also show a concentration of radioactive isotopes left by reactor meltdowns after our disappearance. The atmosphere will bear traces of a few gases that don't occur in nature, especially perfluorocarbons such as CF4, which have a half-life of tens of thousands of years. Finally a brief, century-long pulse of radio waves will forever radiate out across the galaxy and beyond, proof - for anything that cares and is able to listen - that we once had something to say and a way to say it.
But these will be flimsy souvenirs, almost pathetic reminders of a civilisation that once thought itself the pinnacle of achievement. Within a few million years, erosion and possibly another ice age or two will have obliterated most of even these faint traces. If another intelligent species ever evolves on the Earth - and that is by no means certain, given how long life flourished before we came along - it may well have no inkling that we were ever here save for a few peculiar fossils and ossified relics. The humbling - and perversely comforting - reality is that the Earth will forget us remarkably quickly.
}}}
From issue 2573 of New Scientist magazine, 12 October 2006, page 36-41
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!!!!!''El Niño'' (ěl nēn'yō)
''A warming of the surface water of the eastern'' and central Pacific Ocean, occurring every 4 to 12 years and causing unusual global weather patterns. An El Niño is said to occur when the trade winds that usually push warm surface water{{imgfloatright{
[img[http://img367.imageshack.us/img367/4069/elninovx4.gif]]
}}} westward weaken, allowing the warm water to pool as far eastward as the western coast of South America. When this happens, the typical pattern of coastal upwelling that carries nutrients from the cold depths
to the ocean surface is disrupted, and fish and plankton die off in large numbers. El Niño warming is associated with the atmospheric phenomenon known as the southern oscillation, and their combined effect ''brings heavy rain to western South American and drought to eastern Australia and Indonesia''. El Niño also affects the weather in the United States, but not as predictably.
!!!!!''La Niña'' (lä nēn'yä)
''A cooling of the surface water of the eastern and'' central Pacific Ocean, occurring somewhat less frequently than El Niño events but causing similar, generally opposite disruptions to global weather patterns. La Niña conditions occur when the Pacific trade winds blow more strongly than usual, pushing the sun-warmed surface water farther west and increasing the upwelling of cold water in the eastern regions. Together with the atmospheric effects of the related southern oscillation, ''the cooler water brings drought to western South America and heavy rains to eastern Australia and Indonesia''.
<html><div id="modernbricksmenu"><ul><li style="margin-left: 1px">[[Geological Ages|GeologicalAges]]</li><li>[[Periodic Table|PeriodicTable]]</li><li id="current">[[Elements|Elements]]</li><li>[[BoilingPoint|ElementsMeltingBoilingPoint]]</li><li>[[Naming|Naming]]</li></ul></div><div id="modernbricksmenuline"> </div></html>
{{textcenter{
@@color:#00f;†@@+++[Note About Elements]
{{textleft{
<<<
There are between 88 and 92 elements that appear in nature; figures vary, because a handful of the elements with atomic numbers less than 92 have not actually been found in nature, but were produced in laboratories. (All elements with an atomic number higher than that of uranium, which is 92, are artificial.)
<<<
}}}
===
}}}
{{tablecenter{
|>|>|>|>| !Chemical series of the periodic table |h
|bgcolor:#ff6666; [[Alkali metals|http://www.answers.com/Alkali%20metals]] |bgcolor:#ffdead; [[Alkaline earth metals|http://www.answers.com/topic/alkaline-earth-metal]] |bgcolor:#ffbfff; [[Lanthanides|http://www.answers.com/Lanthanides]] |bgcolor:#ff99cc; [[Actinides|http://www.answers.com/Actinides]] |bgcolor:#ffc0c0; [[Transition metals|http://www.answers.com/Transition%20metals]] |
|bgcolor:#cccccc; [[Poor metals|http://www.answers.com/Poor%20metals]] |bgcolor:#cccc99; [[Metalloids|http://www.answers.com/Metalloids]] |bgcolor:#a0ffa0; [[Nonmetals|http://www.answers.com/Nonmetals]] |bgcolor:#ffff99; [[Halogens|http://www.answers.com/Halogens]] |bgcolor:#c0ffff; [[Noble gases|http://www.answers.com/Noble%20gases]] |
}}}
----
{{tablecenter{
| !Name | !Symbol | !Atomic Number | !Atomic Mass | !Group | !Period |h
|[[Actinium|http://www.answers.com/topic/actinium]]|background-color:#ff99cc; Ac | 89 | [227] | | 7 |
|[[Aluminium|http://www.answers.com/topic/aluminium]] (@@color:#C06;Aluminum@@) |background-color:#cccccc; Al | 13 | 26.9815386 | 13 | 3 |
|[[Americium|http://www.answers.com/topic/americium]] |background-color:#ff99cc; Am | 95 | [243] | | 7 |
|[[Antimony|http://www.answers.com/topic/antimony]] (@@color:#C06;Stibium@@)|background-color:#cccc99; Sb | 51 | 121.760 | 15 | 5 |
|@@color:#C06;Argentum—see Silver@@ | Ag |||||
|[[Argon|http://www.answers.com/topic/argon]]|background-color:#c0ffff; Ar | 18 | 39.948 | 18 | 3 |
|[[Arsenic|http://www.answers.com/topic/arsenic]]|background-color:#cccc99; As | 33 | 74.92160 | 15 | 4 |
|[[Astatine|http://www.answers.com/topic/astatine]]|background-color:#ffff99; At | 85 | [210] | 17 | 6 |
|@@color:#C06;Aurum—see Gold@@ | Au |||||
|[[Barium|http://www.answers.com/topic/barium]]|background-color:#ffdead; Ba | 56 | 137.327 | 2 | 6 |
|[[Berkelium |http://www.answers.com/topic/berkelium]]|background-color:#ff99cc; Bk | 97 | [247] || 7 |
|[[Beryllium |http://www.answers.com/topic/beryllium]]|background-color:#ffdead; Be | 4 | 9.012182 | 2 | 2 |
|[[Bismuth |http://www.answers.com/topic/bismuth]]|background-color:#cccccc; Bi | 83 | 208.98040 | 15 | 6 |
|[[Bohrium |http://www.answers.com/topic/bohrium]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Bh | 107 | [264] | 7 | 7 |
|[[Boron |http://www.answers.com/topic/boron]]|background-color:#cccc99; B | 5 | 10.811 | 13 | 2 |
|[[Bromine |http://www.answers.com/topic/bromine]]|background-color:#ffff99; Br | 35 | 79.904 | 17 | 4 |
|[[Cadmium |http://www.answers.com/topic/cadmium]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Cd | 48 | 112.411 | 12 | 5 |
|[[Caesium|http://www.answers.com/topic/caesium]] (@@color:#C06;Cesium@@)|background-color:#ff6666; Cs | 55 | 132.9054519 | 1 | 6 |
|[[Calcium |http://www.answers.com/topic/calcium]]|background-color:#ffdead; Ca | 20 | 40.078 | 2 | 4 |
|[[Californium |http://www.answers.com/topic/californium]]|background-color:#ff99cc; Cf | 98 | [251] | | 7 |
|[[Carbon ||http://www.answers.com/topic/carbon]]|background-color:#a0ffa0; C | 6 | 12.010 | 14 | 2 |
|[[Cerium |http://www.answers.com/topic/cerium]]|background-color:#ffbfff; Ce | 58 | 140.116 || 6 |
|[[Chlorine |http://www.answers.com/topic/chlorine]]|background-color:#ffff99; Cl | 17 | 35.453 | 17 | 3 |
|[[Chromium |http://www.answers.com/topic/chromium]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Cr | 24 | 51.9961 | 6 | 4 |
|[[Cobalt|http://www.answers.com/topic/cobalt]] |background-color:#ffc0c0; Co | 27 | 58.933195 | 9 | 4 |
|[[Copper |http://www.answers.com/topic/copper-3]](@@color:#C06;Cuprum@@) |background-color:#ffc0c0; Cu | 29 | 63.546 | 11 | 4 |
|[[Curium |http://www.answers.com/topic/curium]]|background-color:#ff99cc; Cm | 96 | [247] || 7 |
|[[Darmstadtium |http://www.answers.com/topic/darmstadtium]] |background-color:#ffc0c0; Ds | 110 | [271] | 10 | 7 |
|[[Dubnium |http://www.answers.com/topic/dubnium]] |background-color:#ffc0c0; Db | 105 | [262] | 5 | 7 |
|[[Dysprosium |http://www.answers.com/topic/dysprosium]] |background-color:#ffbfff; Dy | 66 | 162.500 || 6 |
|[[Einsteinium |http://www.answers.com/topic/einsteinium]] |background-color:#ff99cc; Es | 99 | [252] || 7 |
|[[Erbium |http://www.answers.com/topic/erbium]] |background-color:#ffbfff; Er | 68 | 167.259 || 6 |
|[[Europium |http://www.answers.com/topic/europium]] |background-color:#ffbfff; Eu | 63 | 151.964 | | 6 |
|[[Fermium |http://www.answers.com/topic/fermium]] |background-color:#ff99cc; Fm | 100 | [257] || 7 |
|@@color:#C06;Ferrum—see Iron@@ | Fe ||||
|[[Fluorine |http://www.answers.com/topic/fluorine]] |background-color:#ffff99; F | 9 | 18.9984032 | 17 | 2 |
|[[Francium |http://www.answers.com/topic/francium]] |background-color:#ff6666; Fr | 87 | [223] | 1 | 7 |
|[[Gadolinium |http://www.answers.com/topic/gadolinium]] |background-color:#ffbfff; Gd | 64 | 157.25 || 6 |
|[[Gallium |http://www.answers.com/topic/gallium]] |background-color:#cccccc; Ga | 31 | 69.723 | 13 | 4 |
|[[Germanium |http://www.answers.com/topic/germanium]] |background-color:#cccc99; Ge | 32 | 72.64 | 14 | 4 |
|[[Gold |http://www.answers.com/topic/gold]] (@@color:#C06;Aurum@@) |background-color:#ffc0c0; Au | 79 | 196.966569 | 11 | 6 |
|[[Hafnium |http://www.answers.com/topic/hafnium]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Hf | 72 | 178.49 | 4 | 6 |
|[[Hassium |http://www.answers.com/topic/hassium]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Hs | 108 | [277] | 8 | 7 |
|[[Helium |http://www.answers.com/topic/helium]]|background-color:#c0ffff; He | 2 | 4.002602 | 18 | 1 |
|[[Holmium |http://www.answers.com/topic/holmium]]|background-color:#ffbfff; Ho | 67 | 164.930 | | 6 |
|@@color:#C06;Hydrargyrum—see Mercury@@ | Hg |||||
|[[Hydrogen |http://www.answers.com/topic/hydrogen]]|background-color:#a0ffa0; H | 1 | 1.00794 | 1 | 1 |
|[[Indium |http://www.answers.com/topic/indium]] |background-color:#cccccc; In | 49 | 114.818 | 13 | 5 |
|[[Iodine |http://www.answers.com/topic/iodine]] |background-color:#ffff99; I | 53 | 126.90447 | 17 | 5 |
|[[Iridium |http://www.answers.com/topic/iridium]] |background-color:#ffc0c0; Ir | 77 | 192.217 | 9 | 6 |
|[[Iron |http://www.answers.com/topic/iron]] (@@color:#C06;Ferrum@@) |background-color:#ffc0c0; Fe | 26 | 55.845 | 8 | 4 |
|@@color:#C06;Kalium—see Potassium@@ | K |||||
|[[Krypton |http://www.answers.com/topic/krypton]] |background-color:#c0ffff; Kr | 36 | 83.798 | 18 | 4 |
|[[Lanthanum |http://www.answers.com/topic/lanthanum]] |background-color:#ffbfff; La | 57 | 138.90547 | | 6 |
|[[Lawrencium |http://www.answers.com/topic/lawrencium]] |background-color:#ff99cc; Lr | 103 | [262] | 3 | 7 |
|[[Lead |http://www.answers.com/topic/lead-10]] (@@color:#C06;Plumbum@@) |background-color:#cccccc; Pb | 82 | 207.2 | 14 | 6 |
|[[Lithium |http://www.answers.com/topic/lithium]] |background-color:#ff6666; Li | 3 | 6.941 | 1 | 2 |
|[[Lutetium |http://www.answers.com/topic/lutetium]] |background-color:#ffbfff; Lu | 71 | 174.967 | 3 | 6 |
|[[Magnesium |http://www.answers.com/topic/magnesium]] |background-color:#ffdead; Mg | 12 | 24.3050 | 2 | 3 |
|[[Manganese |http://www.answers.com/topic/manganese]] |background-color:#ffc0c0; Mn | 25 | 54.938045 | 7 | 4 |
|[[Meitnerium |http://www.answers.com/topic/meitnerium]] |background-color:#ffc0c0; Mt | 109 | [268] | 9 | 7 |
|[[Mendelevium |http://www.answers.com/topic/mendelevium]] |background-color:#ff99cc; Md | 101 | [258] || 7 |
|[[Mercury |http://www.answers.com/topic/mercury]] (@@color:#C06;Hydrargyrum@@)|background-color:#ffc0c0; Hg | 80 | 200.59 | 12 | 6 |
|[[Molybdenum |http://www.answers.com/topic/molybdenum]] |background-color:#ffc0c0; Mo | 42 | 95.94 | 6 | 5 |
|@@color:#C06;Natrium—see Sodium@@ | Na |||||
|[[Neodymium |http://www.answers.com/topic/neodymium]] |background-color:#ffbfff; Nd | 60 | 144.242 || 6 |
|[[Neon |http://www.answers.com/topic/neon]] |background-color:#c0ffff; Ne | 10 | 20.1797 | 18 | 2 |
|[[Neptunium |http://www.answers.com/topic/neptunium]] |background-color:#ff99cc; Np | 93 | [237] || 7 |
|[[Nickel |http://www.answers.com/topic/nickel]] |background-color:#ffc0c0; Ni | 28 | 58.6934 | 10 | 4 |
|[[Niobium |http://www.answers.com/topic/niobium]] |background-color:#ffc0c0; Nb | 41 | 92.906 | 5 | 5 |
|[[Nitrogen |http://www.answers.com/topic/nitrogen]] |background-color:#a0ffa0; N | 7 | 14.0067 | 15 | 2 |
|[[Nobelium |http://www.answers.com/topic/nobelium]] |background-color:#ff99cc; No | 102 | [259] || 7 |
|[[Osmium |http://www.answers.com/topic/osmium ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Os | 76 | 190.23 | 8 | 6 |
|[[Oxygen |http://www.answers.com/topic/oxygen ]]|background-color:#a0ffa0; O | 8 | 15.9994 | 16 | 2 |
|[[Palladium |http://www.answers.com/topic/palladium ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Pd | 46 | 106.42 | 10 | 5 |
|@@color:#C06;Plumbum—see Lead@@ | Pb |||||
|[[Phosphorus |http://www.answers.com/topic/phosphorus ]]|background-color:#a0ffa0; P | 15 | 30.973762 | 15 | 3 |
|[[Platinum |http://www.answers.com/topic/platinum ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Pt | 78 | 195.084 | 10 | 6 |
|[[Plutonium |http://www.answers.com/topic/plutonium ]]|background-color:#ff99cc; Pu | 94 | [244] | | 7 |
|[[Polonium |http://www.answers.com/topic/polonium ]]|background-color:#cccc99; Po | 84 | [210] | 16 | 6 |
|[[Potassium(Kalium) |http://www.answers.com/topic/potassium ]]|background-color:#ff6666; K | 19 | 39.0983 | 1 | 4 |
|[[Praseodymium |http://www.answers.com/topic/praseodymium ]]|background-color:#ffbfff; Pr | 59 | 140.90765 || 6 |
|[[Promethium |http://www.answers.com/topic/promethium ]]|background-color:#ffbfff; Pm | 61 | [145] | | 6 |
|[[Protactinium |http://www.answers.com/topic/protactinium ]]|background-color:#ff99cc; Pa | 91 | 231.03588 || 7 |
|[[Radium |http://www.answers.com/topic/radium ]]|background-color:#ffdead; Ra | 88 | [226] | 2 | 7 |
|[[Radon |http://www.answers.com/topic/radon ]]|background-color:#c0ffff; Rn | 86 | [220] || 6 |
|[[Rhenium |http://www.answers.com/topic/rhenium ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Re | 75 | 186.207 | 7 | 6 |
|[[Rhodium |http://www.answers.com/topic/rhodium ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Rh | 45 | 102.905 | 9 | 5 |
|[[Roentgenium |http://www.answers.com/topic/roentgenium ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Rg | 111 | [272] | 11 | 7 |
|[[Rubidium |http://www.answers.com/topic/rubidium ]]|background-color:#ff6666; Rb | 37 | 85.4678 | 1 | 5 |
|[[Ruthenium |http://www.answers.com/topic/ruthenium ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Ru | 44 | 101.07 | 8 | 5 |
|[[Rutherfordium |http://www.answers.com/topic/rutherfordium ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Rf | 104 | 261 | 4 | 7 |
|[[Samarium |http://www.answers.com/topic/samarium ]]|background-color:#ffbfff; Sm | 62 | 150.36 || 6 |
|[[Scandium |http://www.answers.com/topic/scandium ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Sc | 21 | 44.955912 | 3 | 4 |
|[[Seaborgium |http://www.answers.com/topic/seaborgium ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Sg | 106 | [266] | 6 | 7 |
|[[Selenium |http://www.answers.com/topic/selenium ]]|background-color:#a0ffa0; Se | 34 | 78.96 | 16 | 4 |
|[[Silicon |http://www.answers.com/topic/silicon ]]|background-color:#cccc99; Si | 14 | 28.0855 | 14 | 3 |
|[[Silver |http://www.answers.com/topic/silver]](@@color:#C06;Argentum@@)|background-color:#ffc0c0; Ag | 47 | 107.8682 | 11 | 5 |
|[[Sodium |http://www.answers.com/topic/sodium]](@@color:#C06;Natrium@@) |background-color:#ff6666; Na | 11 | 22.98976928 | 1 | 3 |
|@@color:#C06;Stannum—see Tin@@ | Sn |||||
|@@color:#C06;Stibium—see Antimony@@ | Sb |||||
|[[Strontium |http://www.answers.com/topic/strontium]]|background-color:#ffdead; Sr | 38 | 87.62 | 2 | 5 |
|[[Sulfur |http://www.answers.com/topic/sulfur ]]|background-color:#a0ffa0; S | 16 | 32.065 | 16 | 3 |
|[[Tantalum |http://www.answers.com/topic/tantalum]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Ta | 73 | 180.94788 | 5 | 6 |
|[[Technetium |http://www.answers.com/topic/technetium ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Tc | 43 | [98] | 7 | 5 |
|[[Tellurium |http://www.answers.com/topic/tellurium ]]|background-color:#cccc99; Te | 52 | 127.60 | 16 | 5 |
|[[Terbium |http://www.answers.com/topic/terbium ]]|background-color:#ffbfff; Tb | 65 | 158.92535 || 6 |
|[[Thallium |http://www.answers.com/topic/thallium ]]|background-color:#cccccc; Tl | 81 | 204.3833 | 13 | 6 |
|[[Thorium |http://www.answers.com/topic/thorium ]]|background-color:#ff99cc; Th | 90 | 232.03806 | | 7 |
|[[Thulium |http://www.answers.com/topic/thulium ]]|background-color:#ffbfff; Tm | 69 | 168.93421 || 6 |
|[[Tin |http://www.answers.com/topic/tin]] (@@color:#C06;Stannum@@) |background-color:#cccccc; Sn | 50 | 118.710 | 14 | 5 |
|[[Titanium |http://www.answers.com/topic/titanium ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Ti | 22 | 47.867 | 4 | 4 |
|[[Tungsten |http://www.answers.com/topic/tungsten]](@@color:#C06;Wolfram@@) |background-color:#ffc0c0; W | 74 | 183.84 | 6 | 6 |
|[[Ununbium |http://www.answers.com/topic/ununbium]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Uub | 112 | [285] | 12 | 7 |
|[[Ununhexium |http://www.answers.com/topic/ununhexium ]]|background-color:#cccccc; Uuh | 116 | [292] | 16 | 7 |
|[[Ununoctium |http://www.answers.com/topic/ununoctium ]]|background-color:#c0ffff; Uuo | 118 | [294] | 18 | 7 |
|[[Ununpentium |http://www.answers.com/topic/ununpentium ]]|background-color:#cccccc; Uup | 115 | [288] | 15 | 7 |
|[[Ununquadium |http://www.answers.com/topic/ununquadium ]]|background-color:#cccccc; Uuq | 114 | [289] | 14 | 7 |
|[[Ununseptium |http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=Ununseptium&gwp=13]] |background-color:#ffff99; Uus | 117 | undiscovered | 17 | 7 |
|[[Ununtrium |http://www.answers.com/topic/ununtrium ]]|background-color:#cccccc; Uut | 113 | [284] | 13 | 7 |
|[[Uranium |http://www.answers.com/topic/uranium ]]|background-color:#ff99cc; U | 92 | 238.02891 || 7 |
|[[Vanadium |http://www.answers.com/topic/vanadium ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; V | 23 | 50.9415 | 5 | 4 |
|@@color:#C06;Wolfram—see Tungsten@@ | W | | | | |
|[[Xenon |http://www.answers.com/topic/xenon ]]|background-color:#c0ffff; Xe | 54 | 131.293 | 18 | 5 |
|[[Ytterbium |http://www.answers.com/topic/ytterbium ]]|background-color:#ffbfff; Yb | 70 | 173.04 || 6 |
|[[Yttrium |http://www.answers.com/topic/yttrium ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Y | 39 | 88.90585 | 3 | 5 |
|[[Zinc |http://www.answers.com/topic/zinc]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Zn | 30 | 65.409 | 12 | 4 |
|[[Zirconium |http://www.answers.com/topic/zirconium ]]|background-color:#ffc0c0; Zr | 40 | 91.224 | 4 | 5 |
----
{{tablecenter{
|>|>|>|>| !Chemical series of the periodic table |h
|bgcolor:#ff6666; [[Alkali metals|http://www.answers.com/Alkali%20metals]] |bgcolor:#ffdead; [[Alkaline earth metals|http://www.answers.com/topic/alkaline-earth-metal]] |bgcolor:#ffbfff; [[Lanthanides|http://www.answers.com/Lanthanides]] |bgcolor:#ff99cc; [[Actinides|http://www.answers.com/Actinides]] |bgcolor:#ffc0c0; [[Transition metals|http://www.answers.com/Transition%20metals]] |
|bgcolor:#cccccc; [[Poor metals|http://www.answers.com/Poor%20metals]] |bgcolor:#cccc99; [[Metalloids|http://www.answers.com/Metalloids]] |bgcolor:#a0ffa0; [[Nonmetals|http://www.answers.com/Nonmetals]] |bgcolor:#ffff99; [[Halogens|http://www.answers.com/Halogens]] |bgcolor:#c0ffff; [[Noble gases|http://www.answers.com/Noble%20gases]] |
}}}
}}}
+++[Argentum] *is Silver (Ag) === +++[Aurum] *is Gold (Au) === +++[Ferrum] *is Iron (Fe) === +++[Hydrargyrum] *is Mercury (Hg) === +++[Kalium] *is Potassium (K) === +++[Natrium] *is Sodium (Na) === +++[Plumbum] *is Lead (Pb) === +++[Stannum] *is Tin (Sn) === +++[Stibium] *is Antimony (Sb) === +++[Wolfram] *is Tungsten (W) ===
<html><div id="modernbricksmenu"><ul><li style="margin-left: 1px">[[Geological Ages|GeologicalAges]]</li><li>[[Periodic Table|PeriodicTable]]</li><li>[[Elements|Elements]]</li><li id="current">[[BoilingPoint|ElementsMeltingBoilingPoint]]</li><li>[[Naming|Naming]]</li></ul></div><div id="modernbricksmenuline"> </div></html>
<html> <hide linebreaks><table border="1"><caption class="hw">Elements Melting Boiling Point</caption><thead><tr><th>Element</th><th>Symbol</th><th>Atomic Number</th><th>Atomic Weight<a href="#fn1" style="text-decoration: none;"><sup>1</sup></a></th><th>Melting Point (Degrees Celsius)</th><th>Boiling Point (Degrees Celsius)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>actinium</td><td>Ac</td><td>89</td><td>227.0278</td><td>1050.</td><td>3200. ±300</td></tr><tr><td>aluminum</td><td>Al</td><td>13</td><td>26.98154</td><td>660.37</td><td>2467.</td></tr><tr><td>americium</td><td>Am</td><td>95</td><td>(243)</td><td>1172.</td><td>2600.</td></tr><tr><td>antimony</td><td>Sb</td><td>51</td><td>121.75</td><td>630.74</td><td>1750.</td></tr><tr><td>argon</td><td>Ar</td><td>18</td><td>39.948</td><td>−189.2</td><td>−185.7</td></tr><tr><td>arsenic</td><td>As</td><td>33</td><td>74.9216</td><td>817. (at 28 atmospheres)</td><td>613. (sublimates)</td></tr><tr><td>astatine</td><td>At</td><td>85</td><td>(210)</td><td>302. (<a href="/topic/erhard-seminars-training" class="alnk" target="_top" name="&lid=ALINK" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">est</a>.)</td><td>337. (est.)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>barium</td><td>Ba</td><td>56</td><td>137.33</td><td>725.</td><td>1640.</td></tr><tr><td>berkelium</td><td>Bk</td><td>97</td><td>(247)</td><td>1050.</td><td>2590.</td></tr><tr><td>beryllium</td><td>Be</td><td>4</td><td>9.01218</td><td>1278. ±5</td><td>2970.</td></tr><tr><td>bismuth</td><td>Bi</td><td>83</td><td>208.9804</td><td>271.3</td><td>1560. ±5</td></tr><tr><td>bohrium</td><td>Bh</td><td>107</td><td>(262)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>boron</td><td>B</td><td>5</td><td>10.81</td><td>2300.</td><td>2550. (sublimates)</td></tr><tr><td>bromine</td><td>Br</td><td>35</td><td>79.904</td><td>−7.2</td><td>58.78</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>cadmium</td><td>Cd</td><td>48</td><td>112.41</td><td>320.9</td><td>765.</td></tr><tr><td>calcium</td><td>Ca</td><td>20</td><td>40.08</td><td>839. ±2</td><td>1484.</td></tr><tr><td>californium</td><td>Cf</td><td>98</td><td>(251)</td><td>900.</td><td>1470.</td></tr><tr><td>carbon</td><td>C</td><td>6</td><td>12.011</td><td>∼3550.</td><td>4827.</td></tr><tr><td>cerium</td><td>Ce</td><td>58</td><td>140.12</td><td>799.</td><td>3426.</td></tr><tr><td>cesium</td><td>Cs</td><td>55</td><td>132.9054</td><td>28.40</td><td>669.3</td></tr><tr><td>chlorine</td><td>Cl</td><td>17</td><td>35.453</td><td>−100.98</td><td>−34.6</td></tr><tr><td>chromium</td><td>Cr</td><td>24</td><td>51.996</td><td>1857. ±20</td><td>2672.</td></tr><tr><td>cobalt</td><td>Co</td><td>27</td><td>58.9332</td><td>1495.</td><td>2870.</td></tr><tr><td>copper</td><td>Cu</td><td>29</td><td>63.546</td><td>1083.4 ±0.2</td><td>2567.</td></tr><tr><td>curium</td><td>Cm</td><td>96</td><td>(247)</td><td>1340. ±40</td><td>3110.</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>darmstadtium</td><td>Ds</td><td>110</td><td>(271)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>dubnium</td><td>Db</td><td>105</td><td>(262)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>dysprosium</td><td>Dy</td><td>66</td><td>162.50</td><td>1412.</td><td>2562.</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>einsteinium</td><td>Es</td><td>99</td><td>(252)</td><td>857.</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>erbium</td><td>Er</td><td>68</td><td>167.26</td><td>1529.</td><td>2863.</td></tr><tr><td>europium</td><td>Eu</td><td>63</td><td>151.96</td><td>822.</td><td>1597.</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>fermium</td><td>Fm</td><td>100</td><td>(257)</td><td>1527.</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>fluorine</td><td>F</td><td>9</td><td>18.998403</td><td>−219.62</td><td>−188.14</td></tr><tr><td>francium</td><td>Fr</td><td>87</td><td>(223)</td><td>(27) (est.)</td><td>(677) (est.)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>gadolinium</td><td>Gd</td><td>64</td><td>157.25</td><td>1313. ±1</td><td>3266.</td></tr><tr><td>gallium</td><td>Ga</td><td>31</td><td>69.72</td><td>29.78</td><td>2403.</td></tr><tr><td>germanium</td><td>Ge</td><td>32</td><td>72.59</td><td>937.4</td><td>2830.</td></tr><tr><td>gold</td><td>Au</td><td>79</td><td>196.9665</td><td>1064.43</td><td>2808.</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>hafnium</td><td>Hf</td><td>72</td><td>178.49</td><td>2227. ±20</td><td>4602.</td></tr><tr><td>hassium</td><td>Hs</td><td>108</td><td>(265)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>helium</td><td>He</td><td>2</td><td>4.0026</td><td><−272.2</td><td>−268.934</td></tr><tr><td>holmium</td><td>Ho</td><td>67</td><td>164.9304</td><td>1474.</td><td>2425.</td></tr><tr><td>hydrogen</td><td>H</td><td>1</td><td>1.00794</td><td>−259.14</td><td>−252.87</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>indium</td><td>In</td><td>49</td><td>114.82</td><td>156.61</td><td>2080.</td></tr><tr><td>iodine</td><td>I</td><td>53</td><td>126.9045</td><td>113.5</td><td>184.35</td></tr><tr><td>iridium</td><td>Ir</td><td>77</td><td>192.22</td><td>2410.</td><td>4130.</td></tr><tr><td>iron</td><td>Fe</td><td>26</td><td>55.847</td><td>1535.</td><td>2750.</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>krypton</td><td>Kr</td><td>36</td><td>83.80</td><td>−156.6</td><td>−152.30 ±0.10</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>lanthanum</td><td>La</td><td>57</td><td>138.9055</td><td>921.</td><td>3457.</td></tr><tr><td>lawrencium</td><td>Lr</td><td>103</td><td>(262)</td><td>1627.</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>lead</td><td>Pb</td><td>82</td><td>207.2</td><td>327.502</td><td>1740.</td></tr><tr><td>lithium</td><td>Li</td><td>3</td><td>6.941</td><td>180.54</td><td>1342.</td></tr><tr><td>lutetium</td><td>Lu</td><td>71</td><td>174.967</td><td>1663.</td><td>3395.</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>magnesium</td><td>Mg</td><td>12</td><td>24.305</td><td>648.8 ±0.5</td><td>1090.</td></tr><tr><td>manganese</td><td>Mn</td><td>25</td><td>54.9380</td><td>1244. ±3</td><td>1962.</td></tr><tr><td>meitnerium</td><td>Mt</td><td>109</td><td>(266)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>mendelevium</td><td>Md</td><td>101</td><td>(258)</td><td>827.</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>mercury</td><td>Hg</td><td>80</td><td>200.59</td><td>−38.842</td><td>356.58</td></tr><tr><td>molybdenum</td><td>Mo</td><td>42</td><td>95.94</td><td>2617.</td><td>4612.</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>neodymium</td><td>Nd</td><td>60</td><td>144.24</td><td>1021.</td><td>3068.</td></tr><tr><td>neon</td><td>Ne</td><td>10</td><td>20.179</td><td>−248.67</td><td>−246.048</td></tr><tr><td>neptunium</td><td>Np</td><td>93</td><td>237.0482</td><td>640. ±1</td><td>3902. (est.)</td></tr><tr><td>nickel</td><td>Ni</td><td>28</td><td>58.69</td><td>1453.</td><td>2732.</td></tr><tr><td>niobium</td><td>Nb</td><td>41</td><td>92.9064</td><td>2468. ±10</td><td>4742.</td></tr><tr><td>nitrogen</td><td>N</td><td>7</td><td>14.0067</td><td>−209.86</td><td>−195.8</td></tr><tr><td>nobelium</td><td>No</td><td>102</td><td>(259)</td><td>827.</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>osmium</td><td>Os</td><td>76</td><td>190.2</td><td>3045. ±30</td><td>5027. ±100</td></tr><tr><td>oxygen</td><td>O</td><td>8</td><td>15.9994</td><td>−218.4</td><td>−182.962</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>palladium</td><td>Pd</td><td>46</td><td>106.42</td><td>1554.</td><td>2970.</td></tr><tr><td>phosphorus</td><td>P</td><td>15</td><td>30.97376</td><td>44.1 (white)</td><td>280. (white)</td></tr><tr><td>platinum</td><td>Pt</td><td>78</td><td>195.08</td><td>1772.</td><td>3827. ±100</td></tr><tr><td>plutonium</td><td>Pu</td><td>94</td><td>(244)</td><td>641.</td><td>3232.</td></tr><tr><td>polonium</td><td>Po</td><td>84</td><td>(209)</td><td>254.</td><td>962.</td></tr><tr><td>potassium</td><td>K</td><td>19</td><td>39.0983</td><td>63.25</td><td>760.</td></tr><tr><td>praseodymium</td><td>Pr</td><td>59</td><td>140.9077</td><td>931.</td><td>3512.</td></tr><tr><td>promethium</td><td>Pm</td><td>61</td><td>(145)</td><td>1042</td><td>3000. (est.)</td></tr><tr><td>protactinium</td><td>Pa</td><td>91</td><td>231.0359</td><td><1600.</td><td>4026.</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>radium</td><td>Ra</td><td>88</td><td>226.0254</td><td>700.</td><td>1140.</td></tr><tr><td>radon</td><td>Rn</td><td>86</td><td>(222)</td><td>−71.</td><td>−61.8</td></tr><tr><td>rhenium</td><td>Re</td><td>75</td><td>186.207</td><td>3180.</td><td>5627. (est.)</td></tr><tr><td>rhodium</td><td>Rh</td><td>45</td><td>102.9055</td><td>1966. ±3</td><td>3727. ±100</td></tr><tr><td>roentgenium</td><td>Rg</td><td>111</td><td>(272)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>rubidium</td><td>Rb</td><td>37</td><td>85.4678</td><td>38.89</td><td>686.</td></tr><tr><td>ruthenium</td><td>Ru</td><td>44</td><td>101.07</td><td>2310.</td><td>3900.</td></tr><tr><td>rutherfordium</td><td>Rf</td><td>104</td><td>(261)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>samarium</td><td>Sm</td><td>62</td><td>150.36</td><td>1072. ±5</td><td>1791.</td></tr><tr><td>scandium</td><td>Sc</td><td>21</td><td>44.9559</td><td>1541.</td><td>2831.</td></tr><tr><td>seaborgium</td><td>Sg</td><td>106</td><td>(266)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>selenium</td><td>Se</td><td>34</td><td>78.96</td><td>217.</td><td>684.9 ±1.0</td></tr><tr><td>silicon</td><td>Si</td><td>14</td><td>28.0855</td><td>1410.</td><td>2355.</td></tr><tr><td>silver</td><td>Ag</td><td>47</td><td>107.8682</td><td>961.93</td><td>2212.</td></tr><tr><td>sodium</td><td>Na</td><td>11</td><td>22.98977</td><td>97.81 ±0.03</td><td>882.9</td></tr><tr><td>strontium</td><td>Sr</td><td>38</td><td>87.62</td><td>269.</td><td>1384.</td></tr><tr><td>sulfur</td><td>S</td><td>16</td><td>32.06</td><td>112.8</td><td>444.674</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>tantalum</td><td>Ta</td><td>73</td><td>180.9479</td><td>2996.</td><td>5425. ±100</td></tr><tr><td>technetium</td><td>Tc</td><td>43</td><td>(98)</td><td>2200.</td><td>4877.</td></tr><tr><td>tellurium</td><td>Te</td><td>52</td><td>127.60</td><td>449.5 ±0.3</td><td>989.8 ±3.8</td></tr><tr><td>terbium</td><td>Tb</td><td>65</td><td>158.9254</td><td>1356.</td><td>3123.</td></tr><tr><td>thallium</td><td>Tl</td><td>81</td><td>204.383</td><td>303.5</td><td>1457. ±10</td></tr><tr><td>thorium</td><td>Th</td><td>90</td><td>232.0381</td><td>1750.</td><td>∼4790.</td></tr><tr><td>thulium</td><td>Tm</td><td>69</td><td>168.9342</td><td>1545. ±15</td><td>1947.</td></tr><tr><td>tin</td><td>Sn</td><td>50</td><td>118.69</td><td>231.9681</td><td>2270.</td></tr><tr><td>titanium</td><td>Ti</td><td>22</td><td>47.88</td><td>1660. ±10</td><td>3287.</td></tr><tr><td>tungsten</td><td>W</td><td>74</td><td>183.85</td><td>3410. ±20</td><td>5660.</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>ununbium</td><td>Uub</td><td>112</td><td>(285)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>ununhexium</td><td>Uuh</td><td>116</td><td>(292)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>ununoctium</td><td>Uuo</td><td>118</td><td>(294)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>ununpentium</td><td>Uup</td><td>115</td><td>(288)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>ununquadium</td><td>Uuq</td><td>114</td><td>(289)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>ununtrium</td><td>Uut</td><td>113</td><td>(284)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>uranium</td><td>U</td><td>92</td><td>238.0289</td><td>1132.3 ±0.8</td><td>3818.</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>vanadium</td><td>V</td><td>23</td><td>50.9415</td><td>1890. ±10</td><td>3380.</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>xenon</td><td>Xe</td><td>54</td><td>131.29</td><td>−111.9</td><td>−107.1 ±3</td></tr><tr><td>ytterbium</td><td>Yb</td><td>70</td><td>173.04</td><td>819.</td><td>1194.</td></tr><tr><td>yttrium</td><td>Y</td><td>39</td><td>88.9059</td><td>1522. ±8</td><td>3338.</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>zinc</td><td>Zn</td><td>30</td><td>65.38</td><td>419.58</td><td>907.</td></tr><tr><td>zirconium</td><td>Zr</td><td>40</td><td>91.22</td><td>1852. ±2</td><td>4377.</td></tr></tbody></table><sup id="fn1">1</sup>Parentheses indicate most <a href="/topic/stable-isotope" class="alnk" target="_top" name="&lid=ALINK" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">stable isotope</a>.</div></html>
''We make many decisions, and sometimes we are more or less logical about them. And it is arguable that all decision are, ultimately emotional.'' !!!''Logical vs. emotional decision-making'' Decision-making is a cognitive process where the outcome is a choice between alternatives. We often have different preferences as to our preferred, approach, varying between thinking and feeling. !!!''Logical decision-making'' When we use logic to make decisions, we seek to exclude emotions, using only rational methods, and perhaps even mathematical tools. The foundation of such decisions is the principle of utility, whereby the value of each option is assessed by assigning criteria (often weighted). !!!''Emotional decision-making'' There is a whole range of decision-making that uses emotion, depending on the degree of logic that is included in the process. A totally emotional decision is typically very fast. This is because it takes time (at least 0.1 seconds) for the rational cortex to get going. This is the reactive (and largely subconscious) decision-making that you encounter in heated arguments or when faced with immediate danger. ''Common emotional decisions may use some logic, but the main driving force is emotion, which either overrides logic or uses a pseudo-logic to support emotional choices (this is extremely common). Another common use of emotion in decision is to start with logic and then use emotion in the final choice.'' !!!''The point of decision'' ''Always emotional decision?'' So at the point of decision, emotions are very important for choosing. In fact even with what we believe are logical decisions, the very point of choice is arguably always based on emotion. We talk about decisions that feel or seem right. When logical decisions are wrong, we will often feel that this is so. Emotions are perhaps signals from the subconscious that tell us a lot about what we really choose. ''Subconscious in charge?'' An even stranger factor is research where the subject's brain was wired up to recorders and the subject was asked to simply press a red button at any time. The notion was that if the conscious mind was in charge, then that part of the brain would be seen to change first, an if the decision started in the subconscious, then electrical activity in that part of the brain would work first. And the answer was...that the subconscious started activity first. The shocking conclusion is that the subconscious is in charge of the bus, and that we are living an illusion of conscious choice. As emotions also stem from the subconscious, then this makes it even more likely that decisions have a strong emotional influence. ''Alphabetical list of emotions'' * Acceptance, Agitation, Alarm, Amusement, Anger, Angst, Anticipation, Apathy, Apprehension, Awe * Bitterness, Boredom * Calmness, Comfort, Compersion, Contentment, Confidence, Courage * Depression, Disappointment, Discontentment, Disgust, Desire, Delight * Elation or Euphoria, Embarrassment, Ennui, Envy, Ecstasy * Fear, Frustration * Glee, Gladness, Gratitude, Grief, Guilt * Hate, Happiness, Homesickness, Honor, Hope, Horror, Humility * Joy, Jealousy * Kindness * Loneliness, Love, Lust, Limerence * Modesty * Nervousness, Negativity, Nostalgia * Pain, Patience, Peace, Phobia, Pity, Pride * Rage, Remorse * Sadness, Schadenfreude, Self-pity, Selflessness, Shame, Shyness, Sorrow, Shock, Surprise, Suspense * Terror * Unhappiness * Worry
<<tiddler [[Emotion and Decision]]>>
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!!!Energy ^^•[[Detach this|Energy]]^^ <<< [[Renewable Fuels Association (RFA)|http://www.ethanolrfa.org/]] [[History of Solar Energy|http://www.solarenergy.com/info_history.html]] http://www.greenpower.gov.au [[Hydroelectric Power|http://www.dannynicholson.co.uk/learningzone/ks4energy/hydro.htm]] [[Make your own hydroelectric generator|http://www.fwee.org/TG/assembly_inst_guide.pdf]] <<<
!!!''Engineering'' ^^•[[Detach this|Engineering]]^^ <<< !!!!Inventing a Wheel - Mecanum http://www.airtrax.com/index.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanum_wheel !!!!Homemade Segway [[Two-wheeled scooter |http://tlb.org/scooter.html]] <<< <<< [[Engineering Toolbox|http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/]] @@color:#C06;''» »'' @@ Tools and Basic Information for Design, Engineering and Construction of Technical Applications <<< <<< [[Cooking for Engineers|http://www.cookingforengineers.com/]] [[Danish Wind Power|http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wres/pwr.htm]] 5 Star ***** !!!!Stirling Engines http://www.bekkoame.ne.jp/~khirata/ http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~urieli/stirling/engines/engines.html http://www.stirlingengine.com/ StirlingEngine !!!!Interesting Water Pumps http://www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/dtu/pubs/lift.html http://www.clemson.edu/irrig/Equip/ram.htm http://www.lurkertech.com/chris/eco/ <<<
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!!!Environment ^^•[[Detach this|Environment]]^^ <<< [img[http://img252.imageshack.us/img252/1945/waterillustrationdm1.gif]] http://environmentalchemistry.com/ http://www.greenpower.gov.au [[Hydroelectric Power|http://www.dannynicholson.co.uk/learningzone/ks4energy/hydro.htm]] <<<
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Simon Singh
{{textjustify{
''The pop star controversy''
@@color:#c06;• @@''Listen to'' the re-recorded version of the song [[here.|http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/listenagain/ram/today1_melua_20051015.ram]]
''It took me years to write my three bestselling books on'' cosmology, mathematics, and cryptography. Yet I am particularly proud of a 500-word article that I wrote last fall in less than an hour and of the hullabaloo that it caused. The consequences were bizarre: As far as I know I became the first ex-particle physicist to persuade a No.1-selling pop artist to re-record a song to make it more scientifically accurate.{{imgfloatright{[img[http://img338.imageshack.us/img338/6824/katie20meluaxa5.jpg]]}}}
The artist was Katie Melua, Britain's answer to+++^[Norah Jones] <<tiddler NorahJones>>=== In October she had a top-five hit with a song entitled Nine Million Bicycles, which essentially said that it was a fact that there are nine million bicycles in Beijing. She went on to quote another fact, namely that she would always remain with her new found love. So far, so good.
However, in the second verse, Katie made a reference to cosmology that implied that the universe is 12 billion years old, whereas current estimates imply an age of 13.7 billion years. While this error annoyed me, the next line was even more irritating. She implied that scientists could only ever guess at the age of the universe, contrasting such guesswork with her own confidence in her blossoming long-term love.
I responded by writing an article for The Guardian newspaper in which I corrected the fact and tried to explain that the number is not a mere guess but rather a careful measurement. To some extent my article was tongue-in-cheek but I was also trying to make a serious point: Although much of cosmology seems fanciful and is indeed still speculative (for example, theories about wormholes and inflation), there are some aspects that are on much firmer ground, such as the age of the universe.{{imgfloatleft{[img[http://img389.imageshack.us/img389/4489/singhhy6.jpg]]}}}
I thought that would be the end of the matter but I was wrong. Mike Batt, Katie Melua's co-writer, wrote a rebuttal in the same newspaper, light-heartedly defending his poetic license. Katie herself occasionally commented on my article when she was being interviewed on TV and radio about her new album. Eventually, the artist-versus-scientist controversy was featured in two other national newspapers, on a primetime quiz on BBC1, and in newspapers in Germany, Australia, and India.
The highlight of the whole two weeks came when Katie Melua offered to re-record the contentious verse according to some lyrics that I had composed for her. We met in a recording studio where she admitted that she was particularly embarrassed by the error in her song because she had been a member of the astronomy club at school. I admitted that I was embarrassed by my lyrics, which had sacrificed rhyme for reason. I had also sacrificed scansion and any notion of romanticism. Nevertheless, the result was played on Britain's biggest breakfast news radio show.
Thanks to my flippant spat with Katie, people who would never think of picking up my 500-page book on the big bang were getting a dose of cosmology. As a writer who wants to get people excited about science, the writing of the original article was probably the most productive hour of my career.
}}}
The original verse by Katie Melua in the original version of Nine Million Bicycles
We are 12 billion light years from the edge
That’s a guess
No one can ever say it’s true
But I know that I will always be with you.
The new, more scientifically accurate verse by Simon Singh
We are 13.7 billion light years from the edge of the observable universe
That’s a good estimate with well defined error bars
Scientists say it’s true, but acknowledge that it may be refined
And with the available information, I predict that I will always be with you.
Listen to the re-recorded version of the song at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/listenagain/ram/today1_melua_20051015.ram
Source: [[symmetry - February 2006 - Essay: Simon Singh|http://symmetrymagazine.org/cms/?pid=1000266]]
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// //''Name:'' FAQ List
// //''Version:'' 1.4 for TW 2.0.0
// //''Author:'' AlanHecht
// //''Type:'' [[Macro|Macros]]
// //''Description:'' FAQ List lets you compile a list of Frequently Asked Questions and present them in a cascading style for the viewer. Each question is turned into a link that will toggle the view of the answer text. The list can be compiled either from all tiddlers containing a certain tag or from a single tiddler that contains all the needed questions and answers.
// //''Syntax:'' << {{{ faqlist mode source sortBy hrSeparator }}} >>
// // ''faqlist:'' the macro call (required)
// // ''mode:'' either "byTag" or "byTitle" (required)
// // ''source:'' the associated tag or tiddler title (required)
// // ''sortBy:'' if byTag, sort can be "title," "modifier," "modified." If byTitle, sort can be "question" and will reorder the questions in alphabetical order. (this parameter is optional; use "null" if you don't want a sort order, but want to use "hr" as the last paramter)
// // ''hrSeparator:'' if "hr" is included at the end of the call string, each question/answer set will be separated by a horizontal rule.
// //Examples: (edit these two tiddlers to see the syntax used for each)
// // • [[FAQ Method One]] (compiled from tiddlers tagged with a certain tag)
// // • [[FAQ Method Two]] (compiled using the content of a single tiddler)
// // • @@color(#ff0000):''New!''@@ [[FAQ Method Three]] (uses the {{{<<tiddler>>}}} macro to pull the faq questions from a single tiddler and the answers from other tiddlers...very cool!)
// //''Directions:'' <<tiddler StartupBehaviorDirections>> <<tiddler MacroDirections>>
// //''Notes:'' If you choose to use byTitle mode where the entire set of questions/answers comes from a single tiddler, the syntax for the tiddler content is as follows:
// // • Each question must be a single line (i.e. no hard returns) but can wrap as needed
// // • The answer to a question begins on the next line after the question and can be as long as needed. It can also include hard returns as part of the answer text, but it cannot include empty lines (i.e. an empty line is the result of pressing enter twice).
// // • Each question/answer set must be seperated by two hard returns (i.e. must have a single, blank line between them.
// // Refer to [[FAQ Tiddler Sample]] for an example.
// //''Known Issues:'' If a user clicks too quickly to toggle a FAQ entry on/off, they will go into tiddler edit mode. This should be corrected in the future by allowing web-hosted versions of the faq to disable double-clicking.
// //''Revision History:''
// // v0.1.0 (01 August 2005): initial release
// // v0.1.1 (04 August 2005): Fixed an endless loop bug (thanks to Kevin Kleinfelter).
// // v0.1.2 (19 October 2005): Fixed TW compatibility .32 bugs (newline for block quote and e.preventDefault by Clint Checketts)
// // v0.1.3 (01 November 2005): Thanks to Clint's work, I fixed a similar "jump to top" problem when using the expand & collapse buttons. Also added the description for [[FAQ Method Three]]
// // v0.1.4 (05 January 2006): Created a special version of FaqList to work with TW v2.0.0
// //''Code section:''
version.extensions.faqlist = {major: 0, minor: 1, revision: 4, date: new Date("Jan 05, 2006")};
config.macros.faqlist = {
bulletCollapse: "+",
bulletExpand: "-",
expandButton: {title: "Expand All", tooltip: "Open all items for reading"},
collapseButton: {title: "Collapse All", tooltip: "Close all items"}
};
config.macros.faqlist.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{
lingo = config.macros.faqlist;
var mode = params[0].toLowerCase();
var list = [];
switch(mode)
{
case "bytag":
var tagged = store.getTaggedTiddlers(params[1], params[2]);
for(t=0; t<tagged.length; t++)
{
var title = tagged[t].title;
list[t] = [title,store.getTiddlerText(title)];
}
var subTitle = store.fetchTiddler(title).getSubtitle();
break;
case "bytitle":
var faqText = store.getTiddlerText(params[1]);
var faqItems = faqText.split("\n\n");
if(params[2] == "question")
faqItems.sort();
for(t=0; t<faqItems.length; t++)
{
list[t] = [faqItems[t].substring(0,faqItems[t].indexOf("\n")),faqItems[t].substring(faqItems[t].indexOf("\n")+1)];
}
var subTitle = null;
break;
}
var faqHeading = place.appendChild(document.createElement("span"));
faqHeading.appendChild(createTiddlyButton(faqHeading,lingo.expandButton.title,lingo.expandButton.tooltip,faqExpandAll));
faqHeading.appendChild(createTiddlyButton(faqHeading,lingo.collapseButton.title,lingo.collapseButton.tooltip,faqCollapseAll));
faqHeading.appendChild(document.createElement("p"));
var faqBody = place.appendChild(document.createElement("span"));
for(var t=0; t<list.length; t++)
{
var title = list[t][0];
var content = "<<<\n" + list[t][1] + "=\n<<<\n";
var theClass = "tiddlyLinkExisting tiddlyLink";
var itemHeading = faqBody.appendChild(document.createElement("span"));
itemHeading.appendChild(document.createTextNode(config.macros.faqlist.bulletCollapse + " "));
createTiddlyButton(itemHeading,title,subTitle,faqToggleThis,theClass);
var itemBody = faqBody.appendChild(document.createElement("span"));
itemBody.style.display = "none";
itemBody.className = "itemBody";
wikify(content,itemBody,null,null);
faqBody.appendChild(itemBody);
faqBody.appendChild(document.createElement("p"));
if(params[3] == "hr")
faqBody.appendChild(document.createElement("hr&